[
 {
  "id": "ag-autonomous-field-machinery",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Autonomous field machinery and harvest mechanisation",
  "description": "Field machines that see crops and terrain and drive or harvest with little or no operator input.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "robot policy",
   "driving"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Autonomous field machinery and harvest mechanisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Autonomous field machinery and harvest mechanisation changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 22/2009 Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Perhubungan and Polri)",
    "why": "Autonomous field machinery and harvest mechanisation may move self-driving machines on public roads between fields, where this law sets vehicle and driver requirements.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-22-tahun-2009"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Autonomous field machinery and harvest mechanisation supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-crop-mapping",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Land use and crop mapping",
  "description": "Geospatial foundation models.",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial"
  ],
  "models": [
   "ibm-prithvi-eo-2-0-600m",
   "ibm-prithvi-eo-2-0-600m-tl"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "geo-bench"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/ibm-nasa-geospatial/Prithvi-EO-2.0-600M",
   "https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.02732v2"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Land use and crop mapping is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Kemenhub",
   "Only"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Land Development Department (Agri-Map Platform)",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Agri-Map Platform (big data, AI and geospatial information for crop planning)",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-09",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/thailand-puts-ai-to-work-helping-farmers-choose-what-to-grow-565249"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "MIMOS Berhad (with HELM AG and Ancom Nylex)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "HELM SKYFLD precision farming platform (satellite data and AI)",
    "status": "planned",
    "date": "2023-09-12",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://fareasternagriculture.com/technology/machinery-a-equipment/malaysian-farmers-receive-ai-tech-boost"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Government‑Backed AI4Peat Mapping Tool Allegedly Misidentifies Granite Outcrops and Quarries as Peat",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-05-10",
    "what": "The UK's AI4Peat mapping project, developed by Natural England in collaboration with Microsoft, reportedly produced significant misclassifications of peatland across England, including labeling rocky outcrops, stone walls, and woodlands as peat bogs.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1159/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-deforestation-monitoring",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Deforestation baselines and supply-chain monitoring (EUDR)",
  "description": "Satellite ML and vision transformers for forest baselines and monitoring: Natural Forests of the World 2020, Satelligence (unverified), SatSure EUDR product (unverified).",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-deepmind-natural-forests-mtsvit"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) names palm oil as a commodity.",
  "sources": [
   "https://research.google/blog/separating-natural-forests-from-other-tree-cover-with-ai-for-deforestation-free-supply-chains/",
   "https://tech.eu/2020/11/24/satelligence-funding/",
   "https://www.satsure.co/?p=13432"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Deforestation baselines and supply-chain monitoring (EUDR) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 32/2009 Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup)",
    "why": "Deforestation baselines and supply-chain monitoring (EUDR) produces evidence on environmental impact or pollution, which this law requires businesses to manage, monitor and report.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Deforestation baselines and supply-chain monitoring (EUDR) supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU Deforestation Regulation, Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Deforestation baselines and supply-chain monitoring (EUDR) produces deforestation-free and geolocation evidence for palm oil and other commodities sold into the EU, which this regulation requires.",
    "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/forests/deforestation/regulation-deforestation-free-products_en"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Government‑Backed AI4Peat Mapping Tool Allegedly Misidentifies Granite Outcrops and Quarries as Peat",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-05-10",
    "what": "The UK's AI4Peat mapping project, developed by Natural England in collaboration with Microsoft, reportedly produced significant misclassifications of peatland across England, including labeling rocky outcrops, stone walls, and woodlands as peat bogs.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1159/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-eudr-traceability",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "EUDR due diligence and traceability",
  "description": "Traceability platforms (GAR SmartTrace, blockchain authentication; AI not mentioned) integrating with EU TRACES reporting.",
  "model_classes": [],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "Integrates with EU TRACES reporting.",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.affaritaliani.it/lavoro/notiziario/golden-agri-resources-partners-with-verborg-group-to-pilot-smarttrace-eudr-compliance-system-420811.html"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "EUDR due diligence and traceability is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "EUDR due diligence and traceability processes personal data of farmers, smallholders or borrowers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 32/2009 Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup)",
    "why": "EUDR due diligence and traceability produces evidence on environmental impact or pollution, which this law requires businesses to manage, monitor and report.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "EUDR due diligence and traceability supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU Deforestation Regulation, Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "EUDR due diligence and traceability produces deforestation-free and geolocation evidence for palm oil and other commodities sold into the EU, which this regulation requires.",
    "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/forests/deforestation/regulation-deforestation-free-products_en"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-ffb-ripeness-grading",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Fresh fruit bunch ripeness grading",
  "description": "Object detectors grading palm oil FFB, at mills or in apps.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "upn-veteran-jawa-timur-yolov11-ffb-grader",
   "gunadarma-university-yolov8-ffb-grader"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://journal.ugm.ac.id/ijccs/article/view/111253",
   "https://ejournal.gunadarma.ac.id/index.php/tekno/article/view/67",
   "https://www.palmoilmagazine.com/palmco/2025/10/02/palmco-ptpn-4-benchmarks-ai-powered-ffb-grading-system-at-pgk-jambi-mill/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Fresh fruit bunch ripeness grading is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Fresh fruit bunch ripeness grading supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-ganoderma-detection",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Ganoderma (basal stem rot) detection",
  "description": "CNN classifiers on UAV hyperspectral imagery; OBIA research (unverified).",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "multimedia-university-tf-resnet50-ganoderma"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/15767/",
   "https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/16377/",
   "https://jopr.mpob.gov.my/object-based-image-analysis-obia-on-hyperspectral-imagery-from-drone-for-iganodermai-basal-stem-rot-disease-detection-in-oil-palm/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Ganoderma (basal stem rot) detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Ganoderma (basal stem rot) detection supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-harvest-planning",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Harvest planning and field operations",
  "description": "Operational apps (Astra Agro Amanda, Dinda, Melli); the source does not state AI.",
  "model_classes": [],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.astra-agro.co.id/2020/02/19/astra-agro-develops-own-technology-to-improve-plantation-operations/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Harvest planning and field operations is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Harvest planning and field operations supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-plantation-monitoring",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Plantation monitoring and decision support",
  "description": "Vision AI on satellite, drone or field imagery for tree identification, crop health, nursery assessment, stand census and inspection.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "geospatial"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.en.infosawit.com/news/18111/palmco-advances-ai-driven-decision-making-through-mysap365-aix-training",
   "https://www.palmoilmagazine.com/technology/2026/08/12/vision-ai-transforms-palm-oil-monitoring-from-nursery-to-harvest/",
   "https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/dabeeo-perluas-teknologi-ai-untuk-perkebunan-sawit-di-indonesia",
   "https://dealls.com/en/loker/ai-development-intern-optra-internship~pt-smart-tbk"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Plantation monitoring and decision support is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Plantation monitoring and decision support supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Kemenhub"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Braintree Technologies Sdn Bhd",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Drones, AI, IoT and GIS services for oil palm estates (more than 20 estates)",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2017-12-11",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/startups/addressing-agricultural-pain-points-tech"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI Chatbot Reportedly Recommended Herbicide Treatment Linked to Loss of About 25 Acres of Sesame in China",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2026-07-10",
    "what": "A 67-year-old farmer in Chuzhou, Anhui, reportedly used an AI-generated weed-and-pest-control plan to spray about 150 mu (25 acres) of sesame by drone.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1654/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-plot-risk-scoring",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Agricultural plot risk scoring for lenders and insurers",
  "description": "Scores the risk of individual farm plots from satellite and farm data so lenders and insurers can price credit and cover.",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Agricultural plot risk scoring for lenders and insurers is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Agricultural plot risk scoring for lenders and insurers processes personal data of farmers, smallholders or borrowers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 29/2024 Pemeringkat Kredit Alternatif",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Agricultural plot risk scoring for lenders and insurers scores farmers for lenders and insurers from non-credit data such as plot and satellite data, the activity this regulation defines as alternative credit scoring.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/POJK-29-2024-Pemeringkat-Kredit-Alternatif-PKA.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Agricultural plot risk scoring for lenders and insurers feeds financing or insurance decisions about farmers, so lenders' consumer protection duties apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "California Homeowner Reportedly Loses Insurance After Purported Aerial Imagery-Based Roof Assessment",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2024-04-06",
    "what": "A California homeowner's insurance policy was reportedly not renewed after CSAA relied on aerial imagery, purportedly analyzed by an AI system, to assess the roof as having reached the end of its life.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1082/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Texas Homeowner Reportedly Spent $3,000 to Contest AI-Flagged Warning of Insurance Nonrenewal",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-05-13",
    "what": "In Texas, homeowners including Tracy Gartenmann reported warnings against insurance nonrenewals based on aerial imagery flagged by AI systems.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1083/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-precision-fertiliser",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Precision fertiliser application",
  "description": "Drone application with report-based area marking (AI not stated); Smart Manuring at Sinar Mas pilot estates.",
  "model_classes": [],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://terra-drone.net/global/2024/03/21/terra-agri-service-by-terra-drone-indonesia-and-sinar-mas-group-smart-tbk-digitizes-palm-oil-fertilizer-management-this-collaboration-aims-to-digitalize-the-fertilizer-process-to-re/",
   "https://dealls.com/en/loker/ai-development-intern-optra-internship~pt-smart-tbk"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Precision fertiliser application is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Precision fertiliser application supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI Chatbot Reportedly Recommended Herbicide Treatment Linked to Loss of About 25 Acres of Sesame in China",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2026-07-10",
    "what": "A 67-year-old farmer in Chuzhou, Anhui, reportedly used an AI-generated weed-and-pest-control plan to spray about 150 mu (25 acres) of sesame by drone.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1654/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-tree-counting",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Tree counting from drone or satellite",
  "description": "CNN detectors for oil palm tree counting.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574096082847744",
   "https://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/42290/",
   "https://ai.ugm.ac.id/2025/09/17/ugm-kembangkan-sistem-otomatis-penghitung-pokok-sawit-berbasis-deep-learning/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Tree counting from drone or satellite is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Tree counting from drone or satellite supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Kemenhub"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-weather-forecasting",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Weather forecasting",
  "description": "ML weather models.",
  "model_classes": [
   "weather"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-deepmind-weathernext-3",
   "google-deepmind-weathernext-2"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://developers.google.com/weathernext/guides/models"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Weather forecasting is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 31/2009 Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG)",
    "why": "Weather forecasting produces weather forecasts, an area where this law makes BMKG the official source of public meteorological information and warnings.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/31TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration)",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AI4RP Project GABAY: AI-driven high-resolution weather forecasting model",
    "status": "research",
    "date": "2025-10-30",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/weather/964241/pagasa-ai-powered-weather-forecasts-save-lives-faster-smarter/story/"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting (Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration)",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Supercomputer and AI models for storm and flood forecasting",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-10-04",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://news.tuoitre.vn/vietnam-deploys-supercomputer-ai-to-boost-storm-flood-forecasts-103251003162657849.htm"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Upgraded forecasting system incorporating AI (planned procurement)",
    "status": "planned",
    "date": "2024-10-17",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/10/18/turning-to-ai-for-weather-forecast"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "National Weather Service Reportedly Published AI-Generated Forecast Map With Fabricated Idaho Town Names",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-01-03",
    "what": "A U.S.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1332/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-yield-prediction",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Oil palm yield prediction",
  "description": "Tree ensembles and biophysical crop models with satellite indices.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "geospatial"
  ],
  "models": [
   "khan-et-al-extra-trees-oil-palm-yield",
   "eosda-pysawit"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://jopr.mpob.gov.my/prediction-of-oil-palm-yield-using-machine-learning-comparison-of-linear-and-non-linear-algorithms-with-multivariate-time-series-data/",
   "https://eos.com/blog/eosda-enhanced-pysawit-model-to-improve-its-accuracy/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Oil palm yield prediction is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Oil palm yield prediction supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "FGV R&D Sdn Bhd (with Universiti Sains Malaysia, MRUN-LRGS grant)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Big data analytics platform turning machine learning outputs into oil palm yield predictions",
    "status": "research",
    "date": null,
    "evidence_type": "academic paper",
    "sources": [
     "https://oilpalm.usm.my"
    ]
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-agentic-field-operations",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Agentic field operations coordination",
  "description": "Agents that coordinate field work in energy operations, such as planning jobs, permits and crews.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Agentic field operations coordination is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Agentic field operations coordination processes personal data of customers or field workers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Agentic field operations coordination schedules and directs field workers, whose occupational safety and health the employer must protect under this law.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Australian Telco’s Incident Management Bot Excessively Sent Technicians in the Field by Mistake, Allegedly Costing Millions",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2018-02-01",
    "what": "In early 2018, an Australian telecommunications company’s incident management AI excessively deployed technicians into the field, and was allegedly unable to be stopped by the automation team.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/194/"
   },
   {
    "title": "LLM-Driven Replit Agent Reportedly Executed Unauthorized Destructive Commands During Code Freeze, Leading to Loss of Production Data",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-07-18",
    "what": "An AI-powered development assistant on Replit's platform reportedly deleted a live production database during an active code freeze, despite receiving repeated instructions not to make changes.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1152/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-esg-compliance-monitoring",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Environmental and ESG compliance monitoring and reporting",
  "description": "Watches emissions and environmental sensor data for breaches and checks reports against regulations for ESG disclosure.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "LLM",
   "embedding"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Environmental and ESG compliance monitoring and reporting is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 32/2009 Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup)",
    "why": "Environmental and ESG compliance monitoring and reporting produces evidence on environmental impact or pollution, which this law requires businesses to manage, monitor and report.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Purportedly Taxpayer-Funded Deloitte Report for Australian Government Contains Alleged AI-Generated Citations and Fabricated Legal Quote",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2025-08-22",
    "what": "Australian academics reportedly identified fabricated references and a misattributed legal quote in a $439,000 Deloitte report for the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations on welfare compliance.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1193/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-field-workforce-dispatch",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Field workforce scheduling and work-order dispatch",
  "description": "Anticipates likely equipment faults and sends field crews matched on skill, location and urgency, with on-site guidance.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Field workforce scheduling and work-order dispatch is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Field workforce scheduling and work-order dispatch processes personal data of customers or field workers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Field workforce scheduling and work-order dispatch schedules and directs field workers, whose occupational safety and health the employer must protect under this law.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Australian Telco’s Incident Management Bot Excessively Sent Technicians in the Field by Mistake, Allegedly Costing Millions",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2018-02-01",
    "what": "In early 2018, an Australian telecommunications company’s incident management AI excessively deployed technicians into the field, and was allegedly unable to be stopped by the automation team.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/194/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon Flex Drivers Allegedly Fired via Automated Employee Evaluations",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2015-09-25",
    "what": "Amazon Flex's contract delivery drivers were dismissed using a minimally human-interfered automated employee performance evaluation based on indicators impacted by out-of-driver's-control factors and without having a chance to defend against or appeal the decision.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/111/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Pizza Hut Franchisee Chaac Pizza Northeast Alleged Dragontail AI System Contributed to Delivery Delays and $100 Million in Losses",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2026-05-06",
    "what": "Chaac Pizza Northeast, a Pizza Hut franchisee operating about 111 restaurants, alleged in a lawsuit that the chain's mandated Dragontail AI delivery-management system disrupted operations after its rollout.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1662/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-geospatial-climate-resilience",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Geospatial infrastructure planning and climate resilience",
  "description": "Uses satellite and climate data to plan infrastructure and assess exposure to climate hazards.",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial",
   "weather"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Geospatial infrastructure planning and climate resilience is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Government‑Backed AI4Peat Mapping Tool Allegedly Misidentifies Granite Outcrops and Quarries as Peat",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-05-10",
    "what": "The UK's AI4Peat mapping project, developed by Natural England in collaboration with Microsoft, reportedly produced significant misclassifications of peatland across England, including labeling rocky outcrops, stone walls, and woodlands as peat bogs.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1159/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-grid-operations-monitoring",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Grid operations and smart-grid monitoring",
  "description": "Forecasts load and monitors the electricity grid to keep supply balanced and spot faults.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "graph",
   "weather"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Grid operations and smart-grid monitoring is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 30/2009 Ketenagalistrikan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Grid operations and smart-grid monitoring supports electricity supply, which this law regulates, including the duties of licence holders to supply reliable power and serve consumers.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/30TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-mineral-exploration",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Satellite-supported mineral exploration",
  "description": "AI for subsurface estimation in exploration.",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://en.antaranews.com/news/430657/mind-id-leverages-ai-to-boost-safety-mining-operations"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Satellite-supported mineral exploration is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 3/2020 Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Satellite-supported mineral exploration is part of mineral and coal mining activity, which this law places under state control and licensing, including exploration and mining data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-3-tahun-2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Kepmen ESDM 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 Pedoman Pelaksanaan Kaidah Teknik Pertambangan yang Baik",
    "body": "Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM)",
    "why": "Satellite-supported mineral exploration affects mine operations, which must follow the good mining engineering guideline on technical management and mining safety.",
    "url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/triwulan-i-2018-5-kepmen-esdm-diterbitkan-untuk-pengelolaan-pertambangan-lebih-baik"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-oil-gas-platform-inspection",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Oil and gas platform inspection",
  "description": "Drone-data anomaly, leak and structural damage detection on offshore platforms; AI safety at drilling sites.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://vir.com.vn/fpt-offers-ai-to-indonesias-largest-oil-company-pertamina-124294.html"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Oil and gas platform inspection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 22/2001 Minyak dan Gas Bumi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Oil and gas platform inspection supports upstream oil and gas activity, which this law governs through cooperation contracts and state ownership of exploration and production data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2001/22TAHUN2001UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 32/2009 Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup)",
    "why": "Oil and gas platform inspection produces evidence on environmental impact or pollution, which this law requires businesses to manage, monitor and report.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Petronas",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "ANYbotics ANYmal C explosion-proof legged inspection robot, tested on Dulang B platform",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": null,
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-tests-explosionproof-canine-robot-dulang-b-platform"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "PTTEP (AI and Robotics Ventures)",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Subsea Flowline Control and Repair Robot (SFCR) for inspection, repair and maintenance of subsea pipelines",
    "status": "research",
    "date": null,
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.pttep.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/466/pttep-s-ai-and-robotics-ventures-set-to-revolutionize-industries-through-innovations"
    ]
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-power-line-inspection",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Power line and utility network inspection",
  "description": "Finds faults and vegetation risks along power lines and utility networks from drone, aerial and satellite images.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "geospatial"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Kemenhub"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Power line and utility network inspection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 30/2009 Ketenagalistrikan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Power line and utility network inspection supports electricity supply, which this law regulates, including the duties of licence holders to supply reliable power and serve consumers.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/30TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-renewable-energy-market-forecasting",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Renewable output, carbon intensity and energy market forecasting",
  "description": "Forecasts solar and wind output, grid carbon intensity and energy market prices.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "weather"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Renewable output, carbon intensity and energy market forecasting is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 30/2009 Ketenagalistrikan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Renewable output, carbon intensity and energy market forecasting supports electricity supply, which this law regulates, including the duties of licence holders to supply reliable power and serve consumers.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/30TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Kalibrate Fuel Pricing Allegedly Enabled California Gas Station Operators to Coordinate Higher Pump Prices",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2022-06-22",
    "what": "Major gas station operators in California allegedly used Kalibrate Fuel Pricing to automate pump prices using competitor data and reduce price competition.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1559/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-seismic-subsurface-interpretation",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Seismic and subsurface interpretation for oil and gas",
  "description": "Interprets seismic and well data to map subsurface structures for oil and gas exploration.",
  "model_classes": [
   "scientific",
   "3D"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Seismic and subsurface interpretation for oil and gas is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 22/2001 Minyak dan Gas Bumi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Seismic and subsurface interpretation for oil and gas supports upstream oil and gas activity, which this law governs through cooperation contracts and state ownership of exploration and production data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2001/22TAHUN2001UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Geoteric AI seismic interpretation (multi-year agreement, deployed across its operations)",
    "status": "contract signed",
    "date": "2025-09-17",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://worldoil.com/news/2025/9/17/petronas-signs-strategic-ai-partnership-with-geoteric-to-accelerate-hydrocarbon-exploration"
    ]
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-utility-customer-service",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Utility customer service",
  "description": "AI for electricity customer service.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/KXyC977o-pln-gunakan-kecerdasan-buatan-untuk-layani-pelanggan"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Utility customer service is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Utility customer service processes personal data of customers or field workers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 30/2009 Ketenagalistrikan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Utility customer service supports electricity supply, which this law regulates, including the duties of licence holders to supply reliable power and serve consumers.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/30TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Utility customer service lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "SARA virtual assistant on Amazon Bedrock (about 15,000 queries a month resolved by AI self-service)",
    "status": "production",
    "date": null,
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/tnb-case-study/"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Meralco (Manila Electric Company)",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Salesforce enterprise agreement renewal with AI tools for customer experience",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-02-10",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://powerphilippines.com/?p=25713"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Portland Water Bureau SERVUS Algorithm Reportedly Allocates Utility Bill Discount to High-Wealth Consumer",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2024-10-14",
    "what": "The Portland Water Bureau's AI-driven pilot program for water bill discounts is reported to have randomly selected Tim Boyle, a wealthy high-water consumer, for a 40% discount intended for financially struggling customers.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/868/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Air Canada Chatbot Reportedly Provides Inaccurate Bereavement Fare Information, Leading to Customer Overpayment",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2022-11-11",
    "what": "A Canadian small claims tribunal reportedly ordered Air Canada to pay $812.02 in damages and court fees after its website chatbot allegedly provided inaccurate information about bereavement fare eligibility, leading a customer to overpay for flights.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/639/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-aml-monitoring",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "AML transaction monitoring and suspicious account detection",
  "description": "ML risk scoring of transactions and accounts.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-aml-ai"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/financial-services/how-hsbc-fights-money-launderers-with-artificial-intelligence",
   "https://www.aap.com.au/aapreleases/globenewswire9507748/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AML transaction monitoring and suspicious account detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AML transaction monitoring and suspicious account detection processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "AML transaction monitoring and suspicious account detection is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 8/2023 Penerapan Program APU, PPT dan PPPSPM di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "AML transaction monitoring and suspicious account detection supports customer due diligence or transaction monitoring, which financial service providers must run under their anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing programme.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/POJK-APU-PPT-dan-PPPSPM-di-SJK.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 8/2010 Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (PPATK as financial intelligence unit)",
    "why": "AML transaction monitoring and suspicious account detection helps identify and report suspicious transactions, a duty this law places on reporting parties.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2010/8TAHUN2010UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-atm-cash-forecasting",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "ATM cash forecasting and replenishment",
  "description": "Predicts cash demand at each ATM and plans refills and cash transport routes.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "ATM cash forecasting and replenishment is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "ATM cash forecasting and replenishment is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PBI 22/23/PBI/2020 Sistem Pembayaran",
    "body": "Bank Indonesia",
    "why": "ATM cash forecasting and replenishment runs on payment transactions or cash services within Bank Indonesia's payment system, whose providers this regulation licenses and supervises.",
    "url": "https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/peraturan/Pages/PBI_222320.aspx"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-atm-it-predictive-maintenance",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Predictive maintenance for ATMs and IT infrastructure",
  "description": "Predicts failures in ATMs and IT systems from logs and telemetry so they are fixed before outages.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Predictive maintenance for ATMs and IT infrastructure is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Predictive maintenance for ATMs and IT infrastructure is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 11/POJK.03/2022 Penyelenggaraan Teknologi Informasi oleh Bank Umum",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Predictive maintenance for ATMs and IT infrastructure is part of a commercial bank's information technology, which this regulation subjects to IT governance, risk management, cyber security and rules on using IT service providers.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penyelenggaraan-Teknologi-Informasi-Oleh-Bank-Umum.aspx"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-contact-centre-agent-assist",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Contact centre agent assist and call summarisation",
  "description": "Transcribes customer calls, suggests answers to agents in real time and writes call summaries.",
  "model_classes": [
   "speech recognition",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Contact centre agent assist and call summarisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Contact centre agent assist and call summarisation processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Contact centre agent assist and call summarisation is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 11/POJK.03/2022 Penyelenggaraan Teknologi Informasi oleh Bank Umum",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Contact centre agent assist and call summarisation is part of a commercial bank's information technology, which this regulation subjects to IT governance, risk management, cyber security and rules on using IT service providers.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penyelenggaraan-Teknologi-Informasi-Oleh-Bank-Umum.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Contact centre agent assist and call summarisation deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Contact centre agent assist and call summarisation lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Alleged AI-Powered Call Center Breach Exposes Over 10 Million Conversations in the Middle East",
    "country": "Middle East",
    "date": "2024-10-08",
    "what": "An AI-powered call center platform in the Middle East reportedly experienced a significant data breach, allegedly exposing over 10 million conversations between consumers, operators, and AI agents.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/906/"
   },
   {
    "title": "AI-Powered Transcription Services Allegedly Leak Confidential Workplace Discussions",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-10-02",
    "what": "AI-powered meeting assistants, such as Otter.ai's OtterPilot and Zoom's AI Companion, have reportedly shared sensitive and private conversations beyond the intended audience.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/811/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-credit-scoring",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Alternative credit scoring",
  "description": "ML on traditional and alternative data (TrustDecision Credit Data Insight, licensed as ICS by OJK on 3 Apr 2025).",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "OJK innovative credit scoring (ICS) licensing.",
  "sources": [
   "https://trustdecision.com/news/officially-licensed-as-ics-in-indonesia-by-ojk",
   "https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/jaga-kualitas-pinjaman-credit-scoring-kredivo-analisa-500000-pengguna-per-bulan"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Alternative credit scoring is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Alternative credit scoring processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Alternative credit scoring is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Alternative credit scoring is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 29/2024 Pemeringkat Kredit Alternatif",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Alternative credit scoring uses data other than credit history to describe a consumer's eligibility, which is the activity this regulation defines as alternative credit scoring.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/POJK-29-2024-Pemeringkat-Kredit-Alternatif-PKA.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Alternative credit scoring deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Alternative credit scoring decides access to an essential private service; the EU AI Act gives credit scoring as an example of a high-risk use, relevant when the system is offered in the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "UnionBank of the Philippines (with FinScore)",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "FinScore telco-data alternative credit scoring for online lending",
    "status": "contract signed",
    "date": "2021-01-14",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2021/01/171223-alternative-credit-solution-provider-finscore-partners-unionbank-to-provide-online-lending-services/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Apple Card's Credit Assessment Algorithm Allegedly Discriminated against Women",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2019-11-11",
    "what": "Apple Card's credit assessment algorithm was reported by Goldman-Sachs customers to have shown gender bias, in which men received significantly higher credit limits than women with equal credit qualifications.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/92/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Schufa Credit Scoring in Germany Reported for Unreliable and Imbalanced Scores",
    "country": "Germany",
    "date": "2018-11-28",
    "what": "Creditworthiness Schufa scores in Germany reportedly privileged older and female consumers, and people who changed addresses less frequently, and were unreliable depending on scoring version.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/405/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Navy Federal Credit Union Faces Allegations of Racial Bias in Mortgage Approvals",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-12-14",
    "what": "Navy Federal Credit Union, serving military members and veterans, faced allegations of racial bias in its mortgage approval process, which relies on automated underwriting technology.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/618/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-customer-service-assistant",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Banking customer service assistants",
  "description": "Chatbots and contact-centre agent assist.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "goto-llama-sahabat-ai-v2-70b-it"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://investortrust.id/financial/97317/bca-bbca-siapkan-sederet-langkah-transformasi-baru-untuk-perkuat-layanan",
   "https://blogs.nvidia.com/?p=75648",
   "https://www.industry.co.id/read/133616/bri-kenalkan-conversational-banking-hingga-robot-cash-management-di-kick-off-bumn-ai-center-of-excellence"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Banking customer service assistants is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Banking customer service assistants processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Banking customer service assistants is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Banking customer service assistants is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 11/POJK.03/2022 Penyelenggaraan Teknologi Informasi oleh Bank Umum",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Banking customer service assistants is part of a commercial bank's information technology, which this regulation subjects to IT governance, risk management, cyber security and rules on using IT service providers.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penyelenggaraan-Teknologi-Informasi-Oleh-Bank-Umum.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Banking customer service assistants deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Banking customer service assistants lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Vietcombank",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "VCB Digibot virtual assistant on the FPT.AI platform",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2024-04-17",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://fpt.ai/?p=4322"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "VietinBank",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AI chatbot on digital channels",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-04-29",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://vnba.org.vn/vi/vietinbank-trien-khai-chatbot-ai--nang-cao-trai-nghiem-khach-hang-tren-kenh-so-21626.htm"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "CIMB Bank Singapore branch",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "EVA (Enhanced Virtual Assistant) chatbot by Pand.ai for business owners seeking financial relief",
    "status": "production",
    "date": null,
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/pandai-develops-chatbot-cimb-assist-business-owners-seeking-financial-relief"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Prominent AI Chatbots Allegedly Produced Incorrect UK Financial and ISA Guidance",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-11-18",
    "what": "Several major AI chatbots, including ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, and Meta AI, were reportedly found to have provided incorrect or misleading financial and insurance guidance for UK users.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1279/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Air Canada Chatbot Reportedly Provides Inaccurate Bereavement Fare Information, Leading to Customer Overpayment",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2022-11-11",
    "what": "A Canadian small claims tribunal reportedly ordered Air Canada to pay $812.02 in damages and court fees after its website chatbot allegedly provided inaccurate information about bereavement fare eligibility, leading a customer to overpay for flights.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/639/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-cyber-security-operations",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Cyber threat detection and security operations",
  "description": "Spots unusual activity in networks and systems and helps security teams investigate and respond.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Cyber threat detection and security operations is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Cyber threat detection and security operations processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Cyber threat detection and security operations is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 11/POJK.03/2022 Penyelenggaraan Teknologi Informasi oleh Bank Umum",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Cyber threat detection and security operations is part of a commercial bank's information technology, which this regulation subjects to IT governance, risk management, cyber security and rules on using IT service providers.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penyelenggaraan-Teknologi-Informasi-Oleh-Bank-Umum.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI-Driven Cyberattacks Threaten Indonesia's Financial Sector",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2026-08-13",
    "what": "Indonesia's National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN) reports that AI is increasingly used to automate, personalize, and enhance cyberattacks on the financial sector, leading to financial losses, operational disruptions, and reputational damage.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-08-13-f7c3"
   },
   {
    "title": "Threat Actor Reportedly Used Hermes AI Agent for Unattended Post-Compromise Activity in Thailand's Ministry of Finance Network",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2026-07-09",
    "what": "Hunt.io reported that an unidentified threat actor used Nous Research's Hermes agent in unattended \"YOLO\" mode during an intrusion targeting Thailand's Ministry of Finance.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1669/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Chinese State-Linked Operator (GTG-1002) Reportedly Uses Claude Code for Autonomous Cyber Espionage",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2025-11-13",
    "what": "Anthropic reportedly identified a cyber espionage campaign in which a purported Chinese state-linked group, designated GTG-1002 by Anthropic, allegedly jailbroke Claude Code and used it to automate 80–90% of multi-stage intrusions.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1263/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-domain-llm",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Finance domain LLMs and employee assistants",
  "description": "Domain-trained LLMs and bank LLM suites (BloombergGPT, JPMorgan LLM Suite; both unverified).",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "bloomberg-bloomberggpt"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.bloomberg.com/company/press/bloomberggpt-50-billion-parameter-llm",
   "https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/jpmorgan-chase-giving-employees-ai-assistant-powered-chatgpt-maker-ope-rcna166045"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Finance domain LLMs and employee assistants is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Finance domain LLMs and employee assistants is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 11/POJK.03/2022 Penyelenggaraan Teknologi Informasi oleh Bank Umum",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Finance domain LLMs and employee assistants is part of a commercial bank's information technology, which this regulation subjects to IT governance, risk management, cyber security and rules on using IT service providers.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penyelenggaraan-Teknologi-Informasi-Oleh-Bank-Umum.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Implicated in Samsung Data Leak of Source Code and Meeting Notes",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-03-11",
    "what": "Samsung engineers are reported to have inadvertently leaked sensitive company data sometime in March 2023, including source code and internal meeting notes, by using ChatGPT to assist with tasks.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/768/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Prominent AI Chatbots Allegedly Produced Incorrect UK Financial and ISA Guidance",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-11-18",
    "what": "Several major AI chatbots, including ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, and Meta AI, were reportedly found to have provided incorrect or misleading financial and insurance guidance for UK users.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1279/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-ekyc-document-extraction",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "eKYC document extraction",
  "description": "Vision LLMs for OCR and key information extraction from ID documents.",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document"
  ],
  "models": [
   "grab-custom-vision-llm-1b",
   "grab-custom-vision-llm-2b"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://engineering.grab.com/custom-vision-llm-at-grab"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 8/2023 Penerapan Program APU, PPT dan PPPSPM di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction supports customer due diligence or transaction monitoring, which financial service providers must run under their anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing programme.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/POJK-APU-PPT-dan-PPPSPM-di-SJK.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 8/2010 Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (PPATK as financial intelligence unit)",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction helps identify and report suspicious transactions, a duty this law places on reporting parties.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2010/8TAHUN2010UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction uses biometric identification, which the EU AI Act lists among high-risk uses; it applies when the system is offered in the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 24/2013 Perubahan UU Administrasi Kependudukan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Dukcapil, Kementerian Dalam Negeri)",
    "why": "eKYC document extraction matches customers against population identity data, which this law governs as population data managed by Dukcapil.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2013/24TAHUN2013UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Bank of Ayudhya (Krungsri)",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Facial recognition identity verification against the ID card photo for account opening",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2019-03-06",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1639748/krungsri-first-with-facial-recognition-id"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Deepfake photos used to bypass digital KYC in Indonesian loan applications",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2024-12-04",
    "what": "Group-IB reported that one Indonesian financial institution client saw over 1,100 attempts to pass its digital KYC for loan applications with AI-generated deepfake photos.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/deepfake-fraud/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Hong Kong Syndicate Allegedly Used AI-Generated Facial Composites to Open Bank Accounts",
    "country": "Hong Kong",
    "date": "2025-04-07",
    "what": "Hong Kong police reportedly arrested eight individuals accused of using purportedly AI-generated facial composites to open bank accounts with altered ID photos.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1066/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Deepfake ID Sales Allegedly Persist as OnlyFake Reportedly Relaunches with New Fraud Tools",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-03-01",
    "what": "Researchers from Au10tix discovered the relaunch of OnlyFake, a site offering AI-generated fake IDs.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/787/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-financial-document-qa",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Financial document QA",
  "description": "Frontier LLMs on financial filings.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "openai-gpt-5-5"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "financebench"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://capitalandcompute.net/ai-benchmarks/financebench/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Financial document QA is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Financial document QA is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Bankrate's Resumption of AI-Generated Content Allegedly Continuing to Produce Inaccurate and Misleading Information",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-06-30",
    "what": "Bankrate, and its sister site CNET, both owned by Red Ventures, resumed publishing AI-generated articles claiming thorough human fact-checking.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/577/"
   },
   {
    "title": "KPMG Report Allegedly Included Hallucinated Citations and Inaccurate Agentic AI Case Studies",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-10-28",
    "what": "In October 2025, KPMG published \"Total Experience: Redefining Excellence in the Age of Agentic AI.\" GPTZero later reported that only five of 45 citations accurately matched their sources, while others contained flawed details.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1563/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-fraud-detection",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Fraud detection",
  "description": "Network-level and bank-level ML fraud scoring and transaction verification.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [
   "mastercard-decision-intelligence-pro",
   "featurespace-tallierltm"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "OJK AI Governance Book for Indonesian Banking (29 Apr 2025); POJK 12/2024 anti-fraud strategy; IASC: 432,637 reports, Rp9.1 trillion losses as of Jan 2026.",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.cdomagazine.tech/aiml/mastercard-launches-decision-intelligence-pro-new-generative-ai-model-for-fraud-detection",
   "https://paymentexpert.com/2023/10/27/featurespace-ai-large-transaction/",
   "https://www.jalin.co.id/en-id/news/news/fraud-losses-reach-idr-46-trillion-jalin-strengthens-cyber-threat-detection-with-ai",
   "https://oradian.com/insights/public/how-indonesian-banks-are-using-ai-to-minimise-fraud-and-build-trust/",
   "https://investortrust.id/financial/35913/ini-tiga-jurus-sukses-bank-mandiri-terapkan-artificial-intelligence"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Fraud detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Fraud detection processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Fraud detection is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Fraud detection is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 8/2023 Penerapan Program APU, PPT dan PPPSPM di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Fraud detection supports customer due diligence or transaction monitoring, which financial service providers must run under their anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing programme.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/POJK-APU-PPT-dan-PPPSPM-di-SJK.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 8/2010 Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (PPATK as financial intelligence unit)",
    "why": "Fraud detection helps identify and report suspicious transactions, a duty this law places on reporting parties.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2010/8TAHUN2010UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PBI 22/23/PBI/2020 Sistem Pembayaran",
    "body": "Bank Indonesia",
    "why": "Fraud detection runs on payment transactions or cash services within Bank Indonesia's payment system, whose providers this regulation licenses and supervises.",
    "url": "https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/peraturan/Pages/PBI_222320.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "GCash (Mynt)",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Multi-layered AI-powered fraud protection for digital payments",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-03-27",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://mynt.com.ph/newsroom/gcash-advances-ai-powered-fraud-protection-to-safeguard-digital-payments"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Scammers Reportedly Using Deepfake Video Calls to Impersonate Executives in Singapore and Orchestrate Corporate Bank Transfers",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "date": "2025-03-13",
    "what": "Scammers in Singapore are reportedly using AI-generated deepfake video calls to impersonate corporate executives.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/982/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Alleged Deepfake CFO Scam Reportedly Costs Multinational Engineering Firm Arup $25 Million",
    "country": "Hong Kong",
    "date": "2024-02-02",
    "what": "A finance employee at the multinational engineering firm Arup was reportedly deceived into transferring $25 million by fraudsters using purported deepfake technology to impersonate the firm's CFO in a video call, according to the Hong Kong police.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/634/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Reported AI-Cloned Voice Used to Deceive Hong Kong Bank Manager in Purported $35 Million Fraud Scheme",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2020-01-15",
    "what": "In January 2020, a Hong Kong-based bank manager for a Japanese company reportedly authorized $35 million in transfers after receiving a call from someone whose voice matched the company director's.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/147/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-humanoid-branch-robots",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Humanoid service robots in bank branches",
  "description": "Humanoid robots that greet and guide customers in bank branches.",
  "model_classes": [
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Humanoid service robots in bank branches is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Humanoid service robots in bank branches processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Humanoid service robots in bank branches is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Humanoid service robots in bank branches changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "SoftBank's Humanoid Robot, Pepper, Reportedly Frequently Made Errors, Prompting Dismissal",
    "country": "Japan",
    "date": "2021-07-13",
    "what": "SoftBank's robot allegedly kept making mechanical errors, taking unplanned breaks, failing to recognize previously-met people, and breaking down during practice runs.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/152/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Customer Service Robot Scares Away Customers",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2018-01-22",
    "what": "Heriot-Watt Univeristy in Scotland developed an artificially intelligent grocery store robot, Fabio, who provided unhelpful answers to customer's questions and \"scared away\" multiple customers, according to the grocery store Margiotta.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/64/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-insurance-claims",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Insurance claims automation",
  "description": "OCR, AI fraud detection on claims and claims analysis; no named model found.",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.oliverwyman.com/southeast-asia/our-expertise/insights/2023/nov/generative-ai-transform-insurance-asia.html",
   "https://www.investortrust.id/financial/115958/asuransi-astra-targetkan-80-proses-klaim-dilakukan-otomatis-dengan-ai",
   "https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/prudential-indonesia-terapkan-ai-mulai-sisi-operasional-hingga-pengelolaan-risiko"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Insurance claims automation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Insurance claims automation processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Insurance claims automation deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Insurance claims automation decides access to an essential private service; the EU AI Act gives credit scoring as an example of a high-risk use, relevant when the system is offered in the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Etiqa Insurance Singapore",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AI straight-through processing of travel delay claims; pilot of vision LLMs for claims document review",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-07-02",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.itnews.asia/news/etiqa-insurance-scales-generative-ai-across-customer-and-staff-workflows-618386"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "AIA Singapore",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Straight-through claims processing: 98 percent of claims auto-assessed, 60 percent paid within 24 hours with no human intervention",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2023-09-04",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.itnews.asia/news/aia-group-uses-ai-based-solutions-to-improve-customer-experience-599773"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Auto-Insurance Photo-Based Estimation Allegedly Gave Inaccurate Repair Prices Frequently",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2021-04-13",
    "what": "Auto-insurance companies' photo-based estimation of repair price was alleged by repair shop owners and industry groups as providing inaccurate estimates, causing damaged cars to stay in the shop longer.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/345/"
   },
   {
    "title": "State Farm Allegedly Discriminated against Black Customers in Claim Payout",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2021-06-12",
    "what": "State Farm's automated claims processing method was alleged in a class action lawsuit to have disproportionately against Black policyholders when paying out insurance claims.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/425/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-insurance-underwriting",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Insurance underwriting and risk pricing",
  "description": "Extracts facts from applications and supporting documents and scores risk to set insurance terms and prices.",
  "model_classes": [
   "multimodal LLM",
   "OCR and document",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders",
   "https://oecd.ai/en/catalogue/tool-use-cases"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Insurance underwriting and risk pricing is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Insurance underwriting and risk pricing processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Insurance underwriting and risk pricing deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Insurance underwriting and risk pricing decides access to an essential private service; the EU AI Act gives credit scoring as an example of a high-risk use, relevant when the system is offered in the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "California Homeowner Reportedly Loses Insurance After Purported Aerial Imagery-Based Roof Assessment",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2024-04-06",
    "what": "A California homeowner's insurance policy was reportedly not renewed after CSAA relied on aerial imagery, purportedly analyzed by an AI system, to assess the roof as having reached the end of its life.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1082/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Auto Insurers Allegedly Are Surreptitiously Collecting and Scoring Driver Data",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-06-09",
    "what": "The insurance industry allegedly uses AI and telematics to score drivers based on behaviors tracked by automakers and apps like Life360.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/733/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Chinese Insurer Ping An Employed Facial Recognition to Determine Customers’ Untrustworthiness, Which Critics Alleged to Likely Make Errors and Discriminate",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2016-04-15",
    "what": "Customers’ untrustworthiness and unprofitability were reportedly determined by Ping An, a large insurance company in China, via facial-recognition measurements of micro-expressions and body-mass indices (BMI), which critics argue was likely to make mistakes, discriminate against certain ethnic groups, and undermine its own industry.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/235/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-internal-knowledge-qa",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Internal knowledge search and report Q&A",
  "description": "RAG over LLMs for frontline staff and financial reports.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloudera.com/customers/bank-bri.html",
   "https://www.industry.co.id/read/133616/bri-kenalkan-conversational-banking-hingga-robot-cash-management-di-kick-off-bumn-ai-center-of-excellence"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Internal knowledge search and report Q&A is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Internal knowledge search and report Q&A is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 11/POJK.03/2022 Penyelenggaraan Teknologi Informasi oleh Bank Umum",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Internal knowledge search and report Q&A is part of a commercial bank's information technology, which this regulation subjects to IT governance, risk management, cyber security and rules on using IT service providers.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penyelenggaraan-Teknologi-Informasi-Oleh-Bank-Umum.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "OCBC",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Generative AI chatbot for 30,000 employees (Microsoft Azure OpenAI)",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2023-11",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.ocbc.com/group/media/release/2023/ocbc-is-first-singapore-bank-to-roll-out-generative-ai-chatbot-to-all-employees-globally.page"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Meta Internal AI Agent Reportedly Gave Advice That Allegedly Exposed Sensitive Data to Unauthorized Employees",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2026-03-18",
    "what": "Reporting alleged that a Meta internal AI agent, purportedly similar to OpenClaw, posted inaccurate technical advice to an internal forum without approval.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1471/"
   },
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Implicated in Samsung Data Leak of Source Code and Meeting Notes",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-03-11",
    "what": "Samsung engineers are reported to have inadvertently leaked sensitive company data sometime in March 2023, including source code and internal meeting notes, by using ChatGPT to assist with tasks.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/768/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-legacy-code-modernisation",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Legacy core system code modernisation",
  "description": "Translates and documents old core banking code, such as COBOL, into modern languages and platforms.",
  "model_classes": [
   "code"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Legacy core system code modernisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Legacy core system code modernisation is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 11/POJK.03/2022 Penyelenggaraan Teknologi Informasi oleh Bank Umum",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Legacy core system code modernisation is part of a commercial bank's information technology, which this regulation subjects to IT governance, risk management, cyber security and rules on using IT service providers.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penyelenggaraan-Teknologi-Informasi-Oleh-Bank-Umum.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "LLM-Driven Replit Agent Reportedly Executed Unauthorized Destructive Commands During Code Freeze, Leading to Loss of Production Data",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-07-18",
    "what": "An AI-powered development assistant on Replit's platform reportedly deleted a live production database during an active code freeze, despite receiving repeated instructions not to make changes.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1152/"
   },
   {
    "title": "PocketOS Production Database Was Reportedly Deleted by Cursor AI Agent Running Claude Opus 4.6",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2026-04-24",
    "what": "A Cursor AI coding agent reportedly running Anthropic's Claude Opus 4.6 deleted PocketOS's production database and volume-level backups through Railway while working on a staging-environment task.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1469/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-product-recommendation",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Retail banking product recommendation",
  "description": "ML recommenders in bank apps.",
  "model_classes": [
   "recommendation"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloudera.com/customers/bank-bri.html",
   "https://www.aap.com.au/aapreleases/globenewswire9507748/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Retail banking product recommendation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Retail banking product recommendation processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Retail banking product recommendation is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Retail banking product recommendation is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Retail banking product recommendation deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "UOB (UOB TMRW app)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "UOB TMRW AI and ML personalised recommendations",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2024",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.uob.com.sg/AR2024/personalising-the-experience-for-every-customer.html"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "UK High Court Found Sky Betting & Gaming Unlawfully Used Automated Profiling and Targeted Marketing to Exploit a Recovering Problem Gambler",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2017-07-28",
    "what": "In the UK, the High Court found that Sky Betting & Gaming unlawfully used automated profiling and targeted direct marketing to pursue a recovering problem gambler from July 28, 2017 onward without valid consent.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1428/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-regulatory-compliance-reporting",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Regulatory compliance and risk reporting in financial services",
  "description": "Interprets financial regulations and helps prepare risk and compliance reports for supervisors.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Regulatory compliance and risk reporting in financial services is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Regulatory compliance and risk reporting in financial services is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Purportedly Taxpayer-Funded Deloitte Report for Australian Government Contains Alleged AI-Generated Citations and Fabricated Legal Quote",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2025-08-22",
    "what": "Australian academics reportedly identified fabricated references and a misattributed legal quote in a $439,000 Deloitte report for the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations on welfare compliance.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1193/"
   },
   {
    "title": "KPMG Report Allegedly Included Hallucinated Citations and Inaccurate Agentic AI Case Studies",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-10-28",
    "what": "In October 2025, KPMG published \"Total Experience: Redefining Excellence in the Age of Agentic AI.\" GPTZero later reported that only five of 45 citations accurately matched their sources, while others contained flawed details.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1563/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-synthetic-data-generation",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Synthetic data generation for model development",
  "description": "Generates realistic but artificial datasets to build and test models without exposing customer data.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Synthetic data generation for model development is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Synthetic data generation for model development processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Synthetic data generation for model development is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Synthetic data generation for model development is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-trading-market-simulation",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Trading and market simulation agents",
  "description": "Agents that simulate markets and support or execute trading decisions.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Trading and market simulation agents is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Trading and market simulation agents is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Massive Financial Losses from AI-Powered Trading Robot Fahrenheit in Indonesia",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2022-03-15",
    "what": "Thousands of users, including actor Chris Ryan, suffered massive financial losses, up to Rp 5 trillion, due to alleged fraud involving the AI-based trading robot Fahrenheit.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2022-03-15-3db5"
   },
   {
    "title": "2010 Market Flash Crash",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2010-05-08",
    "what": "A modified algorithm was able to cause dramatic price volatility and disrupted trading in the US stock exchange.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/28/"
   },
   {
    "title": "X User Reportedly Used Morse Code Prompt to Induce Grok-Linked Trading Bot to Transfer $200,000 in Tokens",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2026-05-04",
    "what": "An X user reportedly induced Grok and Bankrbot to transfer 3 billion DRB tokens, then valued at about $200,000.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1556/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-transaction-enrichment",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Transaction data enrichment",
  "description": "Cleans raw transaction records and labels them with merchant names and spending categories.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "embedding"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Transaction data enrichment is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Transaction data enrichment processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Transaction data enrichment is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Transaction data enrichment is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 8/2023 Penerapan Program APU, PPT dan PPPSPM di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Transaction data enrichment supports customer due diligence or transaction monitoring, which financial service providers must run under their anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing programme.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/POJK-APU-PPT-dan-PPPSPM-di-SJK.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 8/2010 Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (PPATK as financial intelligence unit)",
    "why": "Transaction data enrichment helps identify and report suspicious transactions, a duty this law places on reporting parties.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2010/8TAHUN2010UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PBI 22/23/PBI/2020 Sistem Pembayaran",
    "body": "Bank Indonesia",
    "why": "Transaction data enrichment runs on payment transactions or cash services within Bank Indonesia's payment system, whose providers this regulation licenses and supervises.",
    "url": "https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/peraturan/Pages/PBI_222320.aspx"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-treasury-liquidity-forecasting",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Treasury and intraday liquidity forecasting",
  "description": "Forecasts cash positions and intraday liquidity so treasury teams can fund payments efficiently.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Treasury and intraday liquidity forecasting is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Treasury and intraday liquidity forecasting is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-wealth-advice-assistant",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Personalised financial advice and wealth management assistants",
  "description": "Assistants that give customers tailored financial guidance and support wealth managers with client advice.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "recommendation"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-fsi-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Personalised financial advice and wealth management assistants is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Personalised financial advice and wealth management assistants processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Personalised financial advice and wealth management assistants is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Personalised financial advice and wealth management assistants is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Personalised financial advice and wealth management assistants deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI-Powered Trading Robot Scam Defrauds Thousands in Indonesia",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2023-03-08",
    "what": "Wahyu Kenzo, founder of the Auto Trade Gold (ATG) AI trading robot, orchestrated a fraudulent investment scheme that defrauded around 25,000 victims in Indonesia and abroad, causing losses of up to Rp9 trillion.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2023-03-08-6fd4"
   },
   {
    "title": "Prominent AI Chatbots Allegedly Produced Incorrect UK Financial and ISA Guidance",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-11-18",
    "what": "Several major AI chatbots, including ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, and Meta AI, were reportedly found to have provided incorrect or misleading financial and insurance guidance for UK users.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1279/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Two Investment Firms Charged with Making False Claims of Artificial Intelligence Capabilities in Case of AI Washing",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2019-01-01",
    "what": "In a case of AI washing, the SEC charged two investment advisers, Delphia and Global Predictions, for falsely stating their use of artificial intelligence in their investment strategies between 2019 and 2023.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/653/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-ambient-scribing",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Ambient clinical scribing",
  "description": "Speech recognition plus LLM products: Abridge, Microsoft Dragon Copilot (unverified), Epic AI Charting (unverified), Ambience.",
  "model_classes": [
   "speech recognition",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "openai-gpt-5-5",
   "openai-gpt-5-2"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.abridge.com/",
   "https://openai.com/index/openai-for-healthcare/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Ambient clinical scribing is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Ambient clinical scribing processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Ambient clinical scribing is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Permenkes"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "SingHealth (with Synapxe)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Note Buddy on Synapxe Tandem secure GPT platform; over 2,100 healthcare workers, 16,000 notes by June 2025",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2024-09-18",
    "evidence_type": "government statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.singhealth.com.sg/news/innovation/singhealth-implements-note-buddy-a-microsoft-ai-documentation-system-to-transform-clinical-documentation-and-enhance-quality-of-doctor-patient-interactions",
     "https://www.moh.gov.sg/newsroom/speech-by-mr-ong-ye-kung--minister-for-health-at-the-synapxe-ai-accelerate-conference-on-16-june-2025/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI Medical Scribe Reportedly Added False Psychedelic-Mushroom Use Claim to Australian Patient Rebecca Green's Medical Record",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2026-03-01",
    "what": "Australian patient Rebecca Green reportedly discovered that a post-operative letter sent by her urologist to her GP falsely said she micro-dosed psychedelic mushrooms and suggested this could explain prior kidney bleeding.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1695/"
   },
   {
    "title": "AI Transcription Tool Whisper Reportedly Inserting Fabricated Content in Medical Transcripts",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-10-26",
    "what": "OpenAI's AI-powered transcription tool Whisper, used to translate and transcribe audio content such as patient consultations with doctors, is advertised as having near “human level robustness and accuracy.” However, software engineers, developers and academic researchers have alleged that it is prone to making up chunks of text or even entire sentences and that some of the hallucinations can include racial commentary, violent rhetoric, and even imagined medical treatments.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/827/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Fireflies.AI Meeting Assistant Allegedly Collected Biometric Voice Data from Illinois Meeting Participant Without Consent",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-11-18",
    "what": "On November 18, 2025, Fireflies.AI reportedly recorded and analyzed the voice of Illinois resident Katelin Cruz during a virtual meeting hosted by Western Illinois Dreamers, although Cruz had no Fireflies account and had not provided written consent.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1651/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-brain-ct-stroke",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Brain CT stroke detection",
  "description": "AI reading of brain CT for stroke.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://kemkes.go.id/id/ai-mulai-wujudkan-efisiensi-pelayanan-kesehatan-indonesia"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Brain CT stroke detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Brain CT stroke detection processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Brain CT stroke detection is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Brain CT stroke detection is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "National University Hospital (NUHS)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "RapidAI stroke imaging triage after CT, alerts to stroke neurologists and interventional radiologists",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2023-05-18",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.biospectrumasia.com/index.php/news/46/22463/singapore-develops-a-ai-powered-triage-tool-to-accelerate-stroke-patients-treatment.html"
    ]
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-chest-xray-tb-screening",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Chest X-ray and TB screening",
  "description": "CNN computer-aided detection for chest X-ray and TB screening; WHO recommended CAD for TB screening on 22 Mar 2021.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "qure-ai-qxr",
   "lunit-insight-cxr",
   "delft-imaging-cad4tb",
   "ugm-tbscreen-ai"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "WHO consolidated TB screening guidance recommends CAD (22 Mar 2021). Kemenkes says Indonesia has no independently developed CAD system yet (Aug 2026).",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.qure.ai/",
   "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240022676",
   "https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/K5nC7m81-kemenkes-manfaatkan-kecerdasan-buatan-untuk-deteksi-tuberkulosis",
   "https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5678115/kemenkes-teknologi-tbscreenai-mampu-tingkatkan-efisiensi-skrining-tb"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Chest X-ray and TB screening is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Chest X-ray and TB screening processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Chest X-ray and TB screening is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Chest X-ray and TB screening is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP), ACCESS TB project",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Qure.ai qXR chest X-ray screening on mobile X-ray vans",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2019-04-15",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://qure.ai/blog/scaling-up-tb-screening-with-ai-deploying-automated-x-ray-screening-in-remote-regions"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Armed Forces of the Philippines, Victoriano Luna Medical Center",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Lunit INSIGHT CXR (10 findings, TB screening)",
    "status": "contract signed",
    "date": "2023-11-14",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.itnews.asia/news/philippines-defense-forces-to-use-ai-tool-for-chest-screening-602208"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "PBSP with Siemens Healthineers (Access TB)",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "qTrack with Qure.ai to read digital chest X-rays for TB",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-03-24",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://coverstory.ph/2025/03/24/ai-can-cut-tuberculosis-screening-time-from-2-or-3-days-to-a-minute/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Researchers find evidence of racial, gender, and socioeconomic bias in chest X-ray classifiers",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2020-10-21",
    "what": "A study by the University of Toronto, the Vector Institute, and MIT showed the input databases that trained AI systems used to classify chest X-rays led the systems to show gender, socioeconomic, and racial biases.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-chinese-medical-llm",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Chinese medical LLMs",
  "description": "Qwen-based medical fine-tunes; hospital deployment of DeepSeek unverified.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "reasoning"
  ],
  "models": [
   "baichuan-ai-baichuan-m2-32b",
   "freedomintelligence-huatuogpt-o1-72b"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "healthbench",
   "healthbench-hard",
   "healthbench-consensus"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/baichuan-inc/Baichuan-M2-32B",
   "https://huggingface.co/FreedomIntelligence/HuatuoGPT-o1-72B"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Chinese medical LLMs is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Chinese medical LLMs processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Chinese medical LLMs is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Permenkes"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-clinical-llm-frontier",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Clinical LLM (frontier proprietary)",
  "description": "General frontier LLMs with health tuning for health systems.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "openai-gpt-5",
   "openai-gpt-5-2",
   "anthropic-claude-opus-4-5",
   "google-amie"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "healthbench-hard",
   "medcalc",
   "medagentbench"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": "Claude for Healthcare is HIPAA-ready.",
  "sources": [
   "https://openai.com/index/openai-for-healthcare/",
   "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5/",
   "https://www.anthropic.com/news/healthcare-life-sciences",
   "https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-research/amie-video-consultations/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinical LLM (frontier proprietary) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinical LLM (frontier proprietary) processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Clinical LLM (frontier proprietary) is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Permenkes"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Google Healthcare AI Model Med‑Gemini Allegedly Produces Non‑Existent 'Basilar Ganglia' Term in Published Output",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-05-06",
    "what": "Google’s Med‑Gemini healthcare AI reportedly produced the non‑existent term \"basilar ganglia\" in public launch materials, conflating two distinct brain structures.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1164/"
   },
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Suggests Sodium Bromide as Chloride Substitute, Leading to Bromism and Hospitalization",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-08-05",
    "what": "A published medical case report describes a 60-year-old man hospitalized for three weeks with severe bromide toxicity (bromism) after replacing dietary sodium chloride with sodium bromide purchased online.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1166/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Microsoft Copilot Allegedly Provides Unsafe Medical Advice with High Risk of Severe Harm",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-04-25",
    "what": "Microsoft Copilot, when asked medical questions, was reportedly found to provide accurate information only 54% of the time, according to European researchers (citation provided in editor's notes).",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/838/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-clinical-llm-open",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Clinical LLM (open weights)",
  "description": "Fine-tuned decoder LLMs for clinical QA.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "multimodal LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-medgemma-4b",
   "google-medgemma-27b-text",
   "google-medgemma-1-5-4b",
   "m42-med42-llama3-70b",
   "m42-med42-llama3-8b"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "medqa",
   "medmcqa",
   "pubmedqa",
   "mmlu-med",
   "afrimed-qa",
   "agentclinic-medqa",
   "usmle"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": "FDA plans to identify and tag devices using foundation models, including LLMs.",
  "sources": [
   "https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.05081",
   "https://arxiv.org/html/2507.05201v2",
   "https://huggingface.co/google/medgemma-27b-text-it",
   "https://huggingface.co/m42-health/Llama3-Med42-70B",
   "https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/software-medical-device-samd/artificial-intelligence-enabled-medical-devices"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinical LLM (open weights) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinical LLM (open weights) processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Clinical LLM (open weights) is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Permenkes"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-clinical-trial-matching",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Clinical NLP and trial matching",
  "description": "LLM pipelines for patient-to-trial matching and coding.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "nih-nlm-trialgpt"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-developed-ai-algorithm-matches-potential-volunteers-clinical-trials"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinical NLP and trial matching is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinical NLP and trial matching processes health records of patients screened for trials, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Clinical NLP and trial matching is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Permenkes"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-clinician-inbox-drafting",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Clinician inbox and patient message drafting",
  "description": "Drafts replies to patient messages for clinicians to review and send.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-lshc-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Permenkes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinician inbox and patient message drafting is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinician inbox and patient message drafting processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Clinician inbox and patient message drafting is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-dermatology",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Dermatology",
  "description": "Multimodal VLMs; no dermatology device evidence found (gap).",
  "model_classes": [
   "multimodal LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-medgemma-4b"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://arxiv.org/html/2507.05201v2"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Dermatology is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Dermatology processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Dermatology is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Dermatology is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-ehr-prediction",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "EHR prediction",
  "description": "Clinical encoder models predicting readmission, mortality and similar outcomes.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "nyu-langone-nyutron"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06160-y",
   "https://www.synapxe.sg/healthtech/health-ai"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "EHR prediction is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "EHR prediction processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "EHR prediction is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "EHR prediction is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical",
   "Permenkes"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Synapxe with public hospitals (Hospital to Home programme)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Multiple Readmissions Predictive Model (clinical theory plus machine learning)",
    "status": "production",
    "date": null,
    "evidence_type": "academic paper",
    "sources": [
     "https://synapxe.sg/healthtech/health-ai/multiple-readmissions-predictive-model",
     "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11080848/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Epic Systems’s Sepsis Prediction Algorithms Revealed to Have High Error Rates on Seriously Ill Patients",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-08-01",
    "what": "Epic System's sepsis prediction algorithms was shown by investigators at the University of Michigan Hospital to have high rates of false positives and false negatives, allegedly delivering inaccurate and irrelevant information on patients, contrasting sharply with their published claims.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/123/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Optum Algorithmic Health Risk Scores Reportedly Underestimated Black Patients' Needs",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2019-10-24",
    "what": "Researchers analyzing an Optum algorithm used by a large academic hospital reportedly found evidence that it tended to under-predict the health care needs of Black patients, which in turn appeared to result in lower prioritization for extra care programs compared with white patients exhibiting similar health profiles.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/124/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Purportedly AI-Generated Sepsis Alert Reportedly Prompted Potentially Inappropriate IV Fluid Administration for a Dialysis Patient, Averted by Clinician Intervention",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2026-02-17",
    "what": "A nurse at St.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1374/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-eldercare-memory-support",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Eldercare and memory care support",
  "description": "Monitors and talks with older people, including those with dementia, to support carers and daily routines.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-lshc-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Eldercare and memory care support is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Eldercare and memory care support processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Eldercare and memory care support is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Eldercare and memory care support lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Year-long AI Surveillance Pilot in Two South Australian Aged Care Facilities Reportedly Overwhelmed Staff with False Positives",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2021-03-01",
    "what": "Between March 2021 and March 2022, an AI-enabled video and audio monitoring system was trialed in two South Australian aged care facilities.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1109/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Algorithmic Allocation of Resources in Healthcare for Disabled and Elderly Care Services Allegedly Harmed Patients",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-07-02",
    "what": "A healthcare algorithm designed to equitably distribute caregiving resources is alleged to have drastically cut care hours for the disabled and elderly, purportedly leading to significant hardships and harm.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/603/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-eye-screening",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Eye screening",
  "description": "Deep-learning retinal eye screening (Synapxe SELENA+).",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "synapxe-selena-plus"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.synapxe.sg/healthtech/health-ai"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Eye screening is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Eye screening processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Eye screening is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Eye screening is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Google diabetic retinopathy AI fell short in real-life tests at clinics in Thailand",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2020-04-27",
    "what": "In a field study at Thai clinics, Google's eye-screening AI rejected many photos taken in real clinic conditions, adding delays and extra referrals for patients.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/27/google-medical-researchers-humbled-when-ai-screening-tool-falls-short-in-real-life-testing/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-genomics",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Genomics",
  "description": "DNA language models and variant calling.",
  "model_classes": [
   "scientific"
  ],
  "models": [
   "arc-institute-evo-2-40b",
   "arc-institute-evo-2-7b",
   "google-deepvariant",
   "google-deepmind-alphagenome"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://github.com/ArcInstitute/evo2"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Genomics is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Genomics processes genetic data of patients or study participants, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Genomics is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-health-insurance-analytics",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Health insurance analytics",
  "description": "Referral patterns, disease risk, visit and cost prediction, claim anomaly detection.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/bpjs-kesehatan-to-use-ai-improve-efficiency-healthcare-services"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Health insurance analytics is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Health insurance analytics processes health and claims data of insured members, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Health insurance analytics handles health financing and claims linked to health services, which this law regulates under health funding and health information systems.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "PhilHealth (Philippine Health Insurance Corporation)",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Machine learning for provider fraud detection in claims management",
    "status": "research",
    "date": "2024-12-05",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240101333"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "FWD Singapore",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Shift Technology FORCE AI fraud detection on health claims",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2019-09-04",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.shift-technology.com/resources/news/fwd-singapore-taps-shift-technology-to-improve-claims-assessment-capabilities"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "UnitedHealth Accused of Deploying  Allegedly Flawed AI to Deny Medical Coverage",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-02-28",
    "what": "UnitedHealthcare allegedly used a faulty AI algorithm with a 90% error rate to override doctors' recommendations and deny health coverage.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/608/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Cigna Algorithm PXDX Allegedly Rejected Thousands of Patient Claims En Masse in Breach of California Law",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2023-07-24",
    "what": "Cigna health insurer faces a class-action lawsuit for allegedly using the PXDX (\"procedure-to-diagnosis\") algorithm to automatically reject over 300,000 patient claims in violation of California law, prompting two members to file the lawsuit seeking damages and a jury trial.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/591/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-hospital-service-robots",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Hospital service and logistics robots",
  "description": "Robots that move supplies, meals and specimens around hospitals.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-lshc-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Hospital service and logistics robots is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Hospital service and logistics robots processes images and records of patients and staff in hospital wards, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Hospital service and logistics robots is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Hospital service and logistics robots changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-low-code-clinical-modelling",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Low-code domain model building for clinical teams",
  "description": "Tools that let clinical teams build their own predictive models with little coding.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-lshc-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Permenkes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Low-code domain model building for clinical teams is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Low-code domain model building for clinical teams processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Low-code domain model building for clinical teams is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-lung-ct-nodules",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Lung CT nodule detection",
  "description": "CNN detection software for lung CT; CT is 62.3% of NMPA AI devices.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "united-imaging-pulmonary-nodule-software"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "FDA AI-enabled device list: 1,614 devices (updated 4 Sep 2026), radiology 1,230 (76.2%); no device flagged as LLM-based. China NMPA: 154 AI devices 2020 to 30 Jun 2025, 79.9% Class III, CT 62.3%.",
  "sources": [
   "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12998604"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Lung CT nodule detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Lung CT nodule detection processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Lung CT nodule detection is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Lung CT nodule detection is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-mammography-cancer-detection",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Mammography cancer detection",
  "description": "CNN detection and triage software for breast screening.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "screenpoint-medical-transpara",
   "lunit-insight-mmg"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "FDA AI-enabled device list: 1,614 devices (updated 4 Sep 2026), radiology 1,230 (76.2%); no device flagged as LLM-based. China NMPA: 154 AI devices 2020 to 30 Jun 2025, 79.9% Class III, CT 62.3%.",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(23)00298-X/fulltext",
   "https://www.lunit.io/en/company/news",
   "https://www.complizen.ai/post/fda-has-cleared-1614-ai-medical-devices"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Mammography cancer detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Mammography cancer detection processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Mammography cancer detection is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Mammography cancer detection is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-medical-image-segmentation",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Medical image segmentation",
  "description": "U-Net family, SAM adaptations and frameworks (MONAI).",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "dkfz-nnu-net-v2",
   "bo-wang-lab-medsam",
   "bo-wang-lab-medsam2"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://github.com/MIC-DKFZ/nnUNet",
   "https://github.com/bowang-lab/MedSAM",
   "https://github.com/Project-MONAI/MONAI"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Medical image segmentation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Medical image segmentation processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Medical image segmentation is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Medical image segmentation is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-molecule-generation",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Molecule generation platforms",
  "description": "Model platforms and microservices such as NVIDIA BioNeMo; specific NIMs unverified and no customers named.",
  "model_classes": [
   "scientific"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/clara/bionemo/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Molecule generation platforms is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Molecule generation platforms supports research and development of medicines, which this law places under health technology and pharmaceutical supply rules once a product enters development.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-pathology-wsi",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Pathology whole-slide imaging",
  "description": "Self-supervised ViT foundation models for pathology.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "paige-virchow",
   "mahmood-lab-uni",
   "microsoft-prov-gigapath",
   "google-medgemma-1-5-4b"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "virchow-pan-cancer-detection"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": "NMPA 2026 Class III registrations include pathology (count not given).",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03141-0",
   "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-02857-3",
   "https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.05081",
   "https://letsdatascience.com/news/china-approves-more-ai-medical-devices-expands-into-treatmen-75de1963"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pathology whole-slide imaging is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pathology whole-slide imaging processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Pathology whole-slide imaging is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Pathology whole-slide imaging is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Zoetis Vetscan Imagyst Allegedly Misclassified Dog's Cancerous Tumor, Leading to Second Surgery and Death",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-10-01",
    "what": "In October 2025, Columbia Veterinary Hospital in The Dalles, Oregon reportedly used Zoetis's Vetscan Imagyst AI to analyze a rapidly growing neck mass in an 11-year-old Belgian Tervuren.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1631/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-patient-engagement",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Patient engagement chatbots",
  "description": "Chatbots and messaging agents for patients.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/bpjs-kesehatan-to-use-ai-improve-efficiency-healthcare-services",
   "https://www.botmd.io/en/blog/siloam-hospitals-improve-quality-of-care-and-patient-outcomes-through-ai-powered-whatsapp"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Patient engagement chatbots is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Patient engagement chatbots processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Patient engagement chatbots is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Patient engagement chatbots lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "KPJ Healthcare",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AI chatbot on IBM watsonx.ai and Watson Discovery across 30 specialist hospitals",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-04-28",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://asean.newsroom.ibm.com/2025-04-28-KPJ-Healthcare-Taps-IBM-watsonx-for-AI-Powered-Personalized-Patient-Services"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Chatbot Tessa gives unauthorized diet advice to users seeking help for eating disorders",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-05-29",
    "what": "The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) has shut down its chatbot named Tessa after it gave weight-loss advice to users seeking help for eating disorders.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/545/"
   },
   {
    "title": "The WHO's S.A.R.A.H. Bot Reported to Provide Inconsistent and Inadequate Health Information",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-04-24",
    "what": "The WHO's AI-powered health advisor, S.A.R.A.H.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/685/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-pharma-manufacturing-gmp",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Pharma manufacturing and GMP",
  "description": "Batch record review, deviations, visual inspection; only static deterministic ML allowed for critical uses. No named model verified in the research notes; a Kalbe Farma NEC SIAT proof of concept is in the Indonesian deployment notes.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [
   "nec-siat"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "EU draft GMP Annex 22: dynamic, probabilistic and generative AI or LLMs should not be used in critical GMP applications; non-critical generative AI needs human-in-the-loop review. FDA Jan 2025 draft guidance applies to AI supporting product quality decisions.",
  "sources": [
   "https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/5f38a92d-bb8e-4264-8898-ea076e926db6_en?filename=mp_vol4_chap4_annex22_consultation_guideline_en.pdf",
   "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-proposes-framework-advance-credibility-ai-models-used-drug-and-biological-product-submissions",
   "https://suarapemerintah.id/2026/07/industri-farmasi-masuk-era-ai-kemenperin-fasilitasi-uji-coba-solusi-industri-4-0/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pharma manufacturing and GMP is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Pharma manufacturing and GMP concerns the production, distribution or dispensing of medicines and medical supplies, which this law regulates as pharmaceutical supplies.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-pharma-promo-content-review",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Pharma marketing and promotional content review",
  "description": "Drafts pharmaceutical marketing material and screens it against medical, legal and regulatory rules before release.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pharma marketing and promotional content review is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Pharma marketing and promotional content review concerns information on medicines given to the public and health workers, which this law regulates under pharmaceutical supplies.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Peraturan BPOM 7/2026 Promosi dan Iklan Obat",
    "body": "Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM)",
    "why": "Pharma marketing and promotional content review reviews promotion and advertising of medicines, which this BPOM regulation governs, including the limit that prescription medicines are promoted only to medical and health workers.",
    "url": "https://www.pom.go.id/siaran-pers/bpom-perkuat-pengawasan-promosi-dan-iklan-demi-perlindungan-masyarakat"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Purported AI-Generated Doctor Deepfakes Reportedly Used Guy's and St Thomas' Branding to Market Weight Loss Patches",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2026-01-09",
    "what": "Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust warned that purported AI-generated videos circulated on Facebook and TikTok depicted its clinicians endorsing weight loss patches.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1405/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Scammers Reportedly Using Deepfakes of Health Experts and Public Figures in Australia to Sell Health Supplements and Give Harmful Advice",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2024-12-09",
    "what": "Scammers are reportedly harnessing AI-generated deepfakes of health experts and public figures in Australia in order to sell health supplements and give harmful health advice.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/880/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-pharma-regulatory-documents",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Pharma documents, regulatory and life-science R&D",
  "description": "Frontier LLMs for life-science R&D and regulatory authoring (Veeva Falcon Regulatory).",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "anthropic-claude-sonnet-4-5",
   "anthropic-claude-opus-4-5"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "protocol-qa"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": "FDA draft guidance (6 Jan 2025) sets a risk-based credibility framework for AI supporting drug and biologic regulatory decisions.",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.anthropic.com/news/healthcare-life-sciences",
   "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-for-life-sciences",
   "https://www.veeva.com/products/veeva-ai/",
   "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-proposes-framework-advance-credibility-ai-models-used-drug-and-biological-product-submissions"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pharma documents, regulatory and life-science R&D is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Pharma documents, regulatory and life-science R&D supports the safety monitoring and regulatory files of medicines, which this law places under pharmaceutical supply supervision.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI-Generated Fake Medical Research by Indonesians Sparks Academic Scandal",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2026-05-26",
    "what": "Indonesian nationals allegedly used AI to fabricate medical research, presenting it at an international conference in Denmark to obtain travel grants.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-05-26-424e"
   },
   {
    "title": "Federal 'Make America Healthy Again' Report Released with Multiple Reportedly Erroneous and Unverifiable Citations",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-05-22",
    "what": "The federal \"Make America Healthy Again\" (MAHA) report, released under HHS Secretary Robert F.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1084/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-pharmacovigilance",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Pharmacovigilance",
  "description": "LLM agents and signal detection: Veeva Falcon Safety (Anthropic and Amazon models via Bedrock), FDA Elsa, Synapxe ASAR. No pharmacovigilance benchmark found.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "synapxe-asar"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.veeva.com/products/veeva-ai/",
   "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-launches-agency-wide-ai-tool-optimize-performance-american-people",
   "https://www.synapxe.sg/healthtech/health-ai"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pharmacovigilance is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pharmacovigilance processes health data of patients in adverse event reports, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Pharmacovigilance supports the safety monitoring and regulatory files of medicines, which this law places under pharmaceutical supply supervision.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-pharmacy-dispensing",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Pharmacy ordering and automated dispensing",
  "description": "Checks medication orders and drives automated systems that pick and dispense drugs.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-lshc-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pharmacy ordering and automated dispensing is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Pharmacy ordering and automated dispensing processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Pharmacy ordering and automated dispensing concerns the production, distribution or dispensing of medicines and medical supplies, which this law regulates as pharmaceutical supplies.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-protein-design",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Protein language models and design",
  "description": "Protein LMs for generation and design.",
  "model_classes": [
   "scientific"
  ],
  "models": [
   "evolutionaryscale-esm3-98b",
   "evolutionaryscale-esm3-open-1-4b",
   "meta-esm-2"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.evolutionaryscale.ai/blog/esm3-release"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Protein language models and design is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Protein language models and design supports research and development of medicines, which this law places under health technology and pharmaceutical supply rules once a product enters development.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-protein-structure",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Protein structure and complexes",
  "description": "Diffusion structure models for drug discovery.",
  "model_classes": [
   "scientific"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-deepmind-alphafold-3",
   "boltz-boltz-1",
   "boltz-boltz-2",
   "boltz-boltzgen"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "posebusters",
   "fep-plus-openfe"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07487-w",
   "https://github.com/google-deepmind/alphafold3",
   "https://intuitionlabs.ai/articles/open-source-ai-drug-discovery-boltz-pfizer"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Protein structure and complexes is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Protein structure and complexes supports research and development of medicines, which this law places under health technology and pharmaceutical supply rules once a product enters development.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-radiology-pathology-oncology",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Radiology and anatomical pathology for cancer",
  "description": "AI support for oncology radiology and pathology.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://kemkes.go.id/id/ai-mulai-wujudkan-efisiensi-pelayanan-kesehatan-indonesia"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Radiology and anatomical pathology for cancer is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Radiology and anatomical pathology for cancer processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Radiology and anatomical pathology for cancer is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Radiology and anatomical pathology for cancer is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "FeM Surgery",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Lunit INSIGHT MMG mammography AI in clinical breast cancer screening",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2021-09-06",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://lunit.io/en/news/lunit-ai-receives-hsa-approval-now-commercially-available-in-singapore"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "IBM Watson for Oncology Criticized by Customers for Allegedly Unsafe and Inaccurate Cancer Treatment Recommendations",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2017-04-07",
    "what": "Internal documents from IBM Watson Health showed negative assessments from customers such as Florida’s Jupiter Hospital and Memorial Sloan Kettering criticizing its Watson for Oncology product for allegedly unsafe and incorrect cancer treatment recommendations.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/225/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-radiology-report-generation",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Radiology report generation",
  "description": "Image encoder plus LLM generating radiology findings.",
  "model_classes": [
   "multimodal LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "microsoft-maira-2",
   "google-medgemma-4b",
   "stanford-university-chexagent"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "radgraph-f1",
   "mimic-cxr",
   "chexpert"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/microsoft/maira-2",
   "https://arxiv.org/html/2507.05201v2",
   "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/maira-2-grounded-radiology-report-generation/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Radiology report generation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Radiology report generation processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Radiology report generation is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Radiology report generation is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Medical",
   "Permenkes"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Google Healthcare AI Model Med‑Gemini Allegedly Produces Non‑Existent 'Basilar Ganglia' Term in Published Output",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-05-06",
    "what": "Google’s Med‑Gemini healthcare AI reportedly produced the non‑existent term \"basilar ganglia\" in public launch materials, conflating two distinct brain structures.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1164/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-revenue-cycle-prior-auth",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Healthcare revenue cycle, prior authorisation and denial appeals",
  "description": "Supports hospital billing work such as prior authorisation requests, coding and appeals against denied claims.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "OCR and document"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-lshc-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Healthcare revenue cycle, prior authorisation and denial appeals is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Healthcare revenue cycle, prior authorisation and denial appeals processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Healthcare revenue cycle, prior authorisation and denial appeals handles health financing and claims linked to health services, which this law regulates under health funding and health information systems.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Cigna Algorithm PXDX Allegedly Rejected Thousands of Patient Claims En Masse in Breach of California Law",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2023-07-24",
    "what": "Cigna health insurer faces a class-action lawsuit for allegedly using the PXDX (\"procedure-to-diagnosis\") algorithm to automatically reject over 300,000 patient claims in violation of California law, prompting two members to file the lawsuit seeking damages and a jury trial.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/591/"
   },
   {
    "title": "UnitedHealth Accused of Deploying  Allegedly Flawed AI to Deny Medical Coverage",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-02-28",
    "what": "UnitedHealthcare allegedly used a faulty AI algorithm with a 90% error rate to override doctors' recommendations and deny health coverage.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/608/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Purportedly AI-Powered Software Allegedly Used to Replace Montefiore Hospital Utilization-Review Nurses Despite Contractual AI Safeguards",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-05-28",
    "what": "Montefiore Hospital in New York reportedly laid off 12 utilization-review nurses after changing the department's workflow and introducing AI-powered software.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1593/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-supply-chain-inventory",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Hospital and pharma supply chain inventory optimisation",
  "description": "Forecasts demand for medicines and supplies and manages stock across hospitals and pharma distribution.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-lshc-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Hospital and pharma supply chain inventory optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Hospital and pharma supply chain inventory optimisation concerns the production, distribution or dispensing of medicines and medical supplies, which this law regulates as pharmaceutical supplies.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-surgical-robotics",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Surgical robotics",
  "description": "Robotic systems that assist surgeons with vision guidance and precise instrument control.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-lshc-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Medical"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Surgical robotics is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Surgical robotics processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Surgical robotics is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Surgical robotics is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Surgical robotics changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Collection of Robotic Surgery Malfunctions",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2015-07-13",
    "what": "Study on database reports of robotic surgery malfunctions (8,061), including those ending in injury (1,391) and death (144), between 2000 and 2013.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/5/"
   },
   {
    "title": "AI-Enabled TruDi Navigation System Was Alleged to Have Contributed to Patient's Stroke During June 2022 Sinus Procedure",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2022-06-23",
    "what": "Patient Erin Ralph allegedly suffered carotid-artery injury and a stroke after a June 23, 2022 sinus procedure in Texas in which surgeon Marc Dean reportedly used Acclarent's AI-enabled TruDi Navigation System.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1436/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-apm",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Asset performance management",
  "description": "Ensembles of per-asset ML models and failure-mode libraries, increasingly with LLM agents: IBM Maximo APM, GE Vernova APM and SmartSignal, Aspen Mtell, C3 AI Reliability, SAP APM, AVEVA CONNECT.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.aspentech.com/en/products/apm/aspen-mtell",
   "https://www.gevernova.com/software/blog/leading-industrial-ai-energy-sector",
   "https://gevernova.com/software/resources/datasheet/ai-powered-predictive-analytics-smartsignal",
   "https://www.arcweb.com/blog/aveva-advances-industrial-intelligence-strategy-ai-multi-cloud-asset-lifecycle-partnerships",
   "https://www.emixa.com/blog/whats-new-in-sap-eam-exploring-the-latest-ai-driven-features",
   "https://c3.ai/products/c3-ai-reliability/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Asset performance management is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-autonomous-material-handoff",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Autonomous chemical line handoff and material movement",
  "description": "Robots and software agents that move materials between chemical production steps without manual handling.",
  "model_classes": [
   "robot policy",
   "vision",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Autonomous chemical line handoff and material movement is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Autonomous chemical line handoff and material movement changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Warehouse robot ruptures can of bear spray and injures workers",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2018-12-05",
    "what": "Twenty-four Amazon workers in New Jersey were hospitalized after a robot punctured a can of bear repellent spray in a warehouse.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/2/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Three Robots Collided, Sparking Fire in a Grocer's Warehouse in UK ",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2021-07-16",
    "what": "A collision involving three robots at an Ocado's warehouse in Erith, UK, resulting in a fire but no reports of injuries.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/126/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-autonomous-mining",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Autonomous mining equipment",
  "description": "Multimodal world models and lidar/camera perception.",
  "model_classes": [
   "world model"
  ],
  "models": [
   "huawei-pangu-multimodal-world-model"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.mining-technology.com/newsletters/huaweis-pangu-5-5-ai-intelligent-mining-in-action",
   "https://rct-global.com/2022/03/freeport-deploys-world-first-autonomous-rockbreaker-fleet/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Autonomous mining equipment is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 3/2020 Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Autonomous mining equipment is part of mineral and coal mining activity, which this law places under state control and licensing, including exploration and mining data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-3-tahun-2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Kepmen ESDM 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 Pedoman Pelaksanaan Kaidah Teknik Pertambangan yang Baik",
    "body": "Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM)",
    "why": "Autonomous mining equipment affects mine operations, which must follow the good mining engineering guideline on technical management and mining safety.",
    "url": "https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/triwulan-i-2018-5-kepmen-esdm-diterbitkan-untuk-pengelolaan-pertambangan-lebih-baik"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Autonomous mining equipment changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Autonomous mining equipment acts as an AI safety component of machinery; the EU AI Act treats AI safety components of regulated products as high-risk when they are placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-bidding-quoting-order-intake",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Commercial bidding, quoting and order intake",
  "description": "Prepares bids and price quotes and captures incoming customer orders for industrial suppliers.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Commercial bidding, quoting and order intake is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Chevrolet Dealer Chatbot Agrees to Sell Tahoe for $1",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-12-18",
    "what": "A Chevrolet dealer's AI chatbot, powered by ChatGPT, humorously agreed to sell a 2024 Chevy Tahoe for just $1, following a user's crafted prompt.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/622/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-condition-monitoring",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Condition monitoring",
  "description": "Anomaly detection plus rule and physics thresholds: Siemens Senseye Entry Package, GE SmartSignal, Augury.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.etmm-online.com/siemens-industrial-copilot-ai-powered-maintenance-solution-a-76790d2aebb90810d857abf89c94c051/",
   "https://gevernova.com/software/resources/datasheet/ai-powered-predictive-analytics-smartsignal"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Condition monitoring is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-digital-twins",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Digital twins",
  "description": "Physics simulation, NVIDIA Omniverse 3D twins and hybrid ML: Siemens Digital Twin Composer (mid-2026), AVEVA TwinThread, AspenTech AVA.",
  "model_classes": [
   "3D"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://via.tt.se/pressmeddelande/4202605/siemens-unveils-technologies-to-accelerate-the-industrial-ai-revolution-at-ces-2026%3FpublisherId%3D259167%26lang%3Den",
   "https://www.emerson.com/en/corporate/news/2026/new-emerson-industrial-ai-platform-delivers-enterprise-scale-ai",
   "https://www.arcweb.com/blog/aveva-advances-industrial-intelligence-strategy-ai-multi-cloud-asset-lifecycle-partnerships"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Digital twins is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-drone-footage-summarisation",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Drone survey footage summarisation and query",
  "description": "Summarises drone survey video and lets staff ask questions about what was filmed.",
  "model_classes": [
   "multimodal LLM",
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Kemenhub",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Drone survey footage summarisation and query is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-energy-optimisation",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Energy optimisation",
  "description": "TSFMs, ML forecasting and physics models (Huawei Pangu for Shenzhen Energy, GE Vernova BoilerOpt, AWS/Siemens Building X).",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [
   "huawei-pangu-prediction-model"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.gevernova.com/software/blog/leading-industrial-ai-energy-sector",
   "https://aimagazine.com/articles/how-huawei-pangu-5-5-ai-models-transform-industry-operations",
   "https://sig.id/en/pemerintah-nobatkan-dua-anak-usaha-sig-sebagai-national-lighthouse-industri-40-atas-keberhasilan-transformasi-digital"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Energy optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-forecasting",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Industrial forecasting (load, throughput, demand)",
  "description": "Time-series foundation models, gradient boosting and classical statistics.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [
   "amazon-chronos-2",
   "google-timesfm-2-5",
   "google-timesfm-3-0",
   "salesforce-moirai-2-0",
   "ibm-granite-ttm-r2",
   "ibm-granite-flowstate",
   "huawei-pangu-prediction-model"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "gift-eval",
   "fev-bench",
   "time"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.ibm.com/ae-ar/granite/docs/models/time-series/",
   "https://www.amazon.science/blog/introducing-chronos-2-from-univariate-to-universal-forecasting",
   "https://huggingface.co/google/timesfm-2.5-200m-pytorch",
   "https://datanorth.ai/nl/nieuws/google-lanceert-timesfm-3",
   "https://www.salesforce.com/blog/moirai-2-0/",
   "https://aimagazine.com/articles/how-huawei-pangu-5-5-ai-models-transform-industry-operations"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Industrial forecasting (load, throughput, demand) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Zillow Shut Down Zillow Offers Division Allegedly Due to Predictive Pricing Tool's Insufficient Accuracy",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-11-02",
    "what": "Zillow's AI-powered predictive pricing tool Zestimate was allegedly not able to accurately forecast housing prices three to six months in advance due to rapid market changes, prompting division shutdown and layoff of a few thousand employees.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/149/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-generative-site-layout",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Generative site and plant layout design",
  "description": "Generates and compares layout options for industrial sites and plants under engineering constraints.",
  "model_classes": [
   "3D"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Generative site and plant layout design is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-hse-reporting-training-content",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "HSE reporting and safety training content generation",
  "description": "Helps write health, safety and environment reports and produces safety training material, including translated and visual versions.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "image generation",
   "video generation"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "HSE reporting and safety training content generation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "HSE reporting and safety training content generation processes personal data of workers captured by cameras, reports or rosters, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "HSE reporting and safety training content generation changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Chatbot in Workplace Training at Bunbury Prison Reveals Real Names in Sexual Harassment Case",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2024-08-20",
    "what": "During workplace training at Bunbury Prison in Western Australia, a trainer used Microsoft's Copilot AI chatbot to generate case study scenarios.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/773/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-industrial-copilots",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Industrial copilots and maintenance assistants",
  "description": "LLMs wrapped in agents over CMMS, manuals and historians: Siemens Industrial Copilot, Cognite Atlas AI, Honeywell with Gemini, SAP Joule, Rockwell FT Optix (Phi), AVEVA assistant, GE Vernova Proficy AI Assistant.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "anthropic-claude-sonnet-4-5",
   "anthropic-claude-sonnet-4",
   "openai-gpt-5",
   "openai-gpt-5-mini",
   "google-deepmind-gemini-2-5-flash",
   "google-deepmind-gemini",
   "google-gemini-nano",
   "microsoft-phi",
   "nvidia-nemotron"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.etmm-online.com/siemens-industrial-copilot-ai-powered-maintenance-solution-a-76790d2aebb90810d857abf89c94c051/",
   "https://www.cognite.com/en/company/newsroom/cognite-atlas-ai-drives-customer-momentum-with-new-major-release",
   "https://cognite.com/en/atlas-ai-slm-llm-benchmark-report",
   "https://www.designnews.com/automation/honeywell-uses-google-cloud-ai-to-accelerate-autonomous-operations",
   "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2024/11/13/microsoft-introduces-new-adapted-ai-models-for-industry/",
   "https://www.emixa.com/blog/whats-new-in-sap-eam-exploring-the-latest-ai-driven-features"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Industrial copilots and maintenance assistants is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Petronas (with AIngineer, a PETRONAS Innovation Garage venture)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AIngineer AI copilot for engineers (LLM and ML on technical databases and standards), with Microsoft",
    "status": "proof of concept",
    "date": "2025-06-10",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.petronas.com/media/media-releases/petronas-incubated-venture-aingineer-joins-forces-microsoft-advance-industrial",
     "https://worldoil.com/news/2025/9/17/petronas-signs-strategic-ai-partnership-with-geoteric-to-accelerate-hydrocarbon-exploration"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Implicated in Samsung Data Leak of Source Code and Meeting Notes",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-03-11",
    "what": "Samsung engineers are reported to have inadvertently leaked sensitive company data sometime in March 2023, including source code and internal meeting notes, by using ChatGPT to assist with tasks.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/768/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-materials-formulation-design",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Materials and chemical formulation design",
  "description": "Proposes new materials and chemical formulations and predicts their properties before lab testing.",
  "model_classes": [
   "materials",
   "scientific"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Materials and chemical formulation design is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-nl-analytics-briefings",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Natural-language analytics and AI briefings over operational data",
  "description": "Managers query operational databases in everyday language and get back generated summaries, briefings and forecasts.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Natural-language analytics and AI briefings over operational data is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "West Midlands Police Reportedly Relied on Erroneous Copilot-Generated Intelligence in Maccabi Tel Aviv Away-Fan Ban Decision",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-10-24",
    "what": "West Midlands Police reportedly included inaccurate intelligence purportedly generated using Microsoft Copilot in materials used to justify banning Maccabi Tel Aviv supporters from attending a November 2025 Europa League match against Aston Villa.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1400/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-ocr-gauges-pid",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "OCR of gauges and P&IDs",
  "description": "Vision-language models and symbol detection; not researched (gap). Siemens IFM is described as contextualising 2D drawings.",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document",
   "multimodal LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "siemens-industrial-foundation-model"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://press.siemens.com/global/en/node/7143"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "OCR of gauges and P&IDs is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Traffic Camera Misread Text on Pedestrian's Shirt as License Plate, Causing UK Officials to Issue Fine to an Unrelated Person",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2021-10-18",
    "what": "A Bath resident was wrongly fined by the local officials because an automated license plate recognition camera misread the text on her shirt as a license plate number.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/171/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-operational-document-processing",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Operational document processing and data entry",
  "description": "Reads operational forms, invoices and records and turns them into structured data without manual keying.",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document",
   "multimodal LLM",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Operational document processing and data entry is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Alleged ChatGPT Misuse by Contractor Leads to Reported Data Exposure in New South Wales Resilient Homes Program",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2025-03-12",
    "what": "A former contractor of the New South Wales Reconstruction Authority reportedly uploaded a spreadsheet containing personal and health information of Resilient Homes Program applicants to ChatGPT during a three-day period in March 2025.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1228/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-predictive-maintenance",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Predictive maintenance (failure prediction, RUL)",
  "description": "Supervised ML/DL on run-to-failure data and survival models: Aspen Mtell (claims failures detected up to 90 days ahead), SAP Failure Curve Analysis, Siemens Senseye, C3 AI Reliability.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [
   "nec-siat"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "c-mapss",
   "pronostia-femto",
   "phm-society-data-challenges"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.aspentech.com/en/products/apm/aspen-mtell",
   "https://www.etmm-online.com/siemens-industrial-copilot-ai-powered-maintenance-solution-a-76790d2aebb90810d857abf89c94c051/",
   "https://c3.ai/products/c3-ai-reliability/",
   "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.19124",
   "https://suarapemerintah.id/2026/07/industri-farmasi-masuk-era-ai-kemenperin-fasilitasi-uji-coba-solusi-industri-4-0/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Predictive maintenance (failure prediction, RUL) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "In-house AI predictive maintenance for the 11kV underground cable network (ASEAN award)",
    "status": "production",
    "date": null,
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=2445753"
    ]
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-process-optimisation",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Process optimisation and advanced process control",
  "description": "First-principles plus ML hybrids, neural networks, reinforcement learning: GE Vernova Autonomous Tuning and BoilerOpt, LG EXAONE Naphtha, Huawei Pangu Prediction, AspenTech AVA.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [
   "huawei-pangu-prediction-model",
   "lg-ai-research-exaone"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.emerson.com/en/corporate/news/2026/new-emerson-industrial-ai-platform-delivers-enterprise-scale-ai",
   "https://www.gevernova.com/software/blog/leading-industrial-ai-energy-sector",
   "https://aimagazine.com/articles/how-huawei-pangu-5-5-ai-models-transform-industry-operations",
   "https://www.lgresearch.ai/exaone",
   "https://sig.id/en/pemerintah-nobatkan-dua-anak-usaha-sig-sebagai-national-lighthouse-industri-40-atas-keberhasilan-transformasi-digital"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Process optimisation and advanced process control is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-robotic-precision-assembly",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Robotic precision assembly for high-value manufacturing",
  "description": "Robots that assemble high-value products with fine visual and force control.",
  "model_classes": [
   "robot policy",
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Robotic precision assembly for high-value manufacturing is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Robotic precision assembly for high-value manufacturing changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Robotic precision assembly for high-value manufacturing acts as an AI safety component of machinery; the EU AI Act treats AI safety components of regulated products as high-risk when they are placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Robot kills worker at German Volkswagen plant",
    "country": "Germany",
    "date": "2014-07-15",
    "what": "A Volkswagen plant robot \"crushed to death\" a worker by pinning him to a metal plate.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/24/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Worker killed by robot in welding accident at car parts factory in India",
    "country": "India",
    "date": "2015-07-02",
    "what": "A factory robot at the SKH Metals Factory in Manesar, India pierced and killed 24-year-old worker Ramji Lal when Lal reached behind the machine to dislodge a piece of metal stuck in the machine.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/69/"
   },
   {
    "title": "A Robot at a Tesla Factory in Texas Allegedly Injured an Engineer",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-11-10",
    "what": "A Tesla manufacturing robot at the Giga Texas factory is reported to have malfunctioned, injuring an engineer.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/620/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-robotic-waste-sorting",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Robotic waste and recycling sorting",
  "description": "Robots that recognise and pick recyclable items from waste streams.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Robotic waste and recycling sorting is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 32/2009 Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup)",
    "why": "Robotic waste and recycling sorting produces evidence on environmental impact or pollution, which this law requires businesses to manage, monitor and report.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Robotic waste and recycling sorting changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Robotic waste and recycling sorting acts as an AI safety component of machinery; the EU AI Act treats AI safety components of regulated products as high-risk when they are placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-root-cause-analysis",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Root cause analysis",
  "description": "Causal analytics, FMEA libraries and LLM agents (Cognite RCA agents, GE Proficy CSense, C3 AI, Aspen Mtell FMEA).",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.cognite.com/en/company/newsroom/cognite-atlas-ai-drives-customer-momentum-with-new-major-release",
   "https://c3.ai/products/c3-ai-reliability/",
   "https://www.aspentech.com/en/products/apm/aspen-mtell"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Root cause analysis is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-safety-ppe",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Safety (PPE, hazards, fatigue)",
  "description": "YOLO-type detectors and CV foundation models; PPE-specific products a gap.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "huawei-pangu-cv",
   "ultralytics-yolo26"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://docs.ultralytics.com/models/yolo26/",
   "https://www.mining-technology.com/newsletters/huaweis-pangu-5-5-ai-intelligent-mining-in-action",
   "https://en.antaranews.com/news/430657/mind-id-leverages-ai-to-boost-safety-mining-operations"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Safety (PPE, hazards, fatigue) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Safety (PPE, hazards, fatigue) processes personal data of workers captured by cameras, reports or rosters, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Safety (PPE, hazards, fatigue) changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Safety (PPE, hazards, fatigue) acts as an AI safety component of machinery; the EU AI Act treats AI safety components of regulated products as high-risk when they are placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Amazon's AI Cameras Incorrectly Penalized Delivery Drivers for Mistakes They Did Not Make",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-09-20",
    "what": "Amazon's automated performance evaluation system involving AI-powered cameras incorrectly punished delivery drivers for non-existent mistakes, impacting their chances for bonuses and rewards.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/116/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-sensor-anomaly-detection",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Anomaly detection on sensor, SCADA and historian data",
  "description": "PCA, MSET, isolation forest, autoencoders and small pretrained time-series models; AWS Lookout for Equipment ends 7 Oct 2026, replaced by SiteWise native anomaly detection.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [
   "ibm-granite-tspulse",
   "carnegie-mellon-university-moment-1-large",
   "paano",
   "conv-ae",
   "mset"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "tsb-ad",
   "skab",
   "nab"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/ibm-granite/granite-timeseries-tspulse-r1",
   "https://huggingface.co/AutonLab/MOMENT-1-large",
   "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.01359",
   "https://github.com/waico/SKAB",
   "https://aws.amazon.com/lookout-for-equipment/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Anomaly detection on sensor, SCADA and historian data is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Nuclear False Alarm",
    "country": "Russia",
    "date": "1983-09-26",
    "what": "An alert of five incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles was properly identified as a false-positive by the Soviet Union operator Stanislov Petrov.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/27/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-simulation-operator-training",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Simulation-based operator training and remote operations",
  "description": "Uses simulators and digital twins to train operators and support remote operation of plants and equipment.",
  "model_classes": [
   "world model"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Simulation-based operator training and remote operations is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Simulation-based operator training and remote operations changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-supply-chain-inventory-optimisation",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Industrial supply chain and inventory optimisation",
  "description": "Forecasts material demand and plans stock levels and replenishment across an industrial supply chain.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-eri-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Industrial supply chain and inventory optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-vibration-acoustic",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Vibration and acoustic analysis",
  "description": "Spectral features plus CNN classifiers; Augury, Emerson AMS linked to Mtell.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [
   "cwru-bearing"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22267v1",
   "https://www.augury.com/media-center/press/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Vibration and acoustic analysis is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Police Departments Reported ShotSpotter as Unreliable and Wasteful",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2012-10-09",
    "what": "ShotSpotter algorithmic systems locating gunshots were reported by police departments for containing high false positive rates and wasting police resources, prompting discontinuation.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/112/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-visual-inspection",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Visual quality inspection and defect detection",
  "description": "Unsupervised anomaly detection on DINOv2 features, YOLO detectors and vendor CV models.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [
   "tsinghua-university-dinomaly2",
   "ultralytics-yolo26",
   "huawei-pangu-cv",
   "cnpc-kunlun-large-model"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "mvtec-ad",
   "visa",
   "real-iad",
   "coco"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17611",
   "https://docs.ultralytics.com/models/yolo26/",
   "https://www.intelligentcio.com/apac/2025/06/24/cross-industry-use-cases-for-huaweis-pangu-models-5-5-showcased/",
   "https://www.mining-technology.com/newsletters/huaweis-pangu-5-5-ai-intelligent-mining-in-action",
   "https://vir.com.vn/fpt-offers-ai-to-indonesias-largest-oil-company-pertamina-124294.html",
   "https://en.antaranews.com/news/430657/mind-id-leverages-ai-to-boost-safety-mining-operations"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Visual quality inspection and defect detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "industrial-humanoid-parts-handling",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Humanoid parts handling in automotive manufacturing",
  "description": "Humanoid robots running Helix load parts on an automotive production line (BMW Spartanburg).",
  "model_classes": [
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [
   "figure-ai-helix",
   "figure-ai-helix-02"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/helix_vla"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Humanoid parts handling in automotive manufacturing is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Humanoid parts handling in automotive manufacturing changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Humanoid parts handling in automotive manufacturing acts as an AI safety component of machinery; the EU AI Act treats AI safety components of regulated products as high-risk when they are placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Violent AI Robot Incident in a Chinese Factory",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2025-05-05",
    "what": "Surveillance footage from a Chinese factory captured a rogue, AI-enabled robot attached to a crane violently moving its arms and endangering workers.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2025-05-05-9745"
   },
   {
    "title": "Humanoid Robot Identified as Likely Unitree G1 Reportedly Kicked Boy During Public Demonstration in Xinjiang",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2026-06-01",
    "what": "A boy in Xinjiang was reportedly struck in the abdomen by a humanoid robot during a public performance at a scenic-area amusement venue.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1536/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "industrial-robot-inspection-instrument-reading",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Robot inspection with instrument reading",
  "description": "Embodied reasoning model reads instruments for Boston Dynamics Spot inspection rounds.",
  "model_classes": [
   "multimodal LLM",
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-deepmind-gemini-robotics-er-1-6"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/gemini_robotics_2"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Robot inspection with instrument reading is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Robot inspection with instrument reading changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Robot inspection with instrument reading acts as an AI safety component of machinery; the EU AI Act treats AI safety components of regulated products as high-risk when they are placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "logistics-humanoid-handling",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Humanoid robots in logistics",
  "description": "Figure AI logistics deal with Catalyst Brands for humanoid robots.",
  "model_classes": [
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [
   "figure-ai-helix-02"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/helix_vla"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Humanoid robots in logistics is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Humanoid robots in logistics changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Violent AI Robot Incident in a Chinese Factory",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2025-05-05",
    "what": "Surveillance footage from a Chinese factory captured a rogue, AI-enabled robot attached to a crane violently moving its arms and endangering workers.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2025-05-05-9745"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon’s Robotic Fulfillment Centers Have Higher Serious Injury Rates",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2020-09-29",
    "what": "Amazon’s robotic fulfillment centers have higher serious injury rates.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/125/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Warehouse robot ruptures can of bear spray and injures workers",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2018-12-05",
    "what": "Twenty-four Amazon workers in New Jersey were hospitalized after a robot punctured a can of bear repellent spray in a warehouse.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/2/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-autonomous-patrol-threat-detection",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Autonomous patrol and threat detection",
  "description": "Robots and camera systems that patrol sites and detect threats or intrusions.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf",
   "https://oecd.ai/en/catalogue/tool-use-cases"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Autonomous patrol and threat detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Autonomous patrol and threat detection processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 2/2002 Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Polri)",
    "why": "Autonomous patrol and threat detection is used for policing and public order tasks, which this law assigns to the Indonesian National Police.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2002/2TAHUN2002UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Autonomous patrol and threat detection uses remote biometric identification or law enforcement AI, which the EU AI Act lists as high-risk or restricts; given as an international reference.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Security Robot Rolls Over Child in Mall",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2016-07-12",
    "what": "On July 7, 2016, a Knightscope K5 autonomous security robot collided with a 16-month old boy while patrolling the Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, CA.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/51/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Knightscope's Park Patrol Robot Ignored Bystander Pressing Emergency Button to Alert Police about Fight",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2019-10-04",
    "what": "A Knightscope K5 autonomous \"police\" robot patrolling Huntington Park, California failed to respond to an onlooker who attempted to activate its emergency alert button when a nearby fight broke out.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/77/"
   },
   {
    "title": "ZeroEyes AI Surveillance System Reportedly Flagged Clarinet as Gun, Triggering School Lockdown in Florida",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-12-09",
    "what": "An AI-powered ZeroEyes surveillance system deployed at a Florida middle school reportedly flagged a student's clarinet as a firearm, triggering a school lockdown and police response.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1312/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-benefits-eligibility-screening",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Social benefits eligibility screening",
  "description": "Checks applications for social benefit programmes against eligibility rules and flags cases for caseworkers.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Social benefits eligibility screening is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Social benefits eligibility screening processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Social benefits eligibility screening is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 39/2019 Satu Data Indonesia",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Bappenas leads the steering council)",
    "why": "Social benefits eligibility screening uses or produces government data, which this regulation requires to follow common data, metadata and interoperability standards and to be shared through the Satu Data Indonesia portal.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/en/perpres-no-39-tahun-2019"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 24/2013 Perubahan UU Administrasi Kependudukan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Dukcapil, Kementerian Dalam Negeri)",
    "why": "Social benefits eligibility screening uses population identity data such as NIK or biometric records, which this law governs and which Dukcapil manages.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2013/24TAHUN2013UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Social benefits eligibility screening decides access to essential public services, which the EU AI Act lists among high-risk uses; given as an international reference.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Thai Wallet App's Facial Recognition Errors Created Registration Issues for Government Programs",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2019-09-29",
    "what": "A Thai wallet app failed to recognize people’s faces, resulting in citizens and disproportionately elders unable to sign up for Thai government’s cash handout and co-pay programs or having to wait in long queues at local ATMs for authentication.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/375/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Michigan's Unemployment Benefits Algorithm MiDAS Issued False Fraud Claims to Thousands of People",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2013-10-01",
    "what": "Michigan’s MiDAS system falsely accused over 34,000 people of unemployment fraud from 2013 to 2015, which reportedly caused financial ruin for many.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/373/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Dutch Families Wrongfully Accused of Tax Fraud Due to Discriminatory Algorithm",
    "country": "Netherlands",
    "date": "2018-09-01",
    "what": "A childcare benefits system in the Netherlands falsely accused thousands of families of fraud, in part due to an algorithm that treated having a second nationality as a risk factor.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/101/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-big-data-analytics",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Government big data analytics",
  "description": "Big data analytics platforms with AI for planning agencies.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://selular.id/2026/05/itd-summit-2026-telkomgroup-buktikan-ai-bukan-tren-tapi-alat-kerja-nyata/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Government big data analytics is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Government big data analytics processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Government big data analytics is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 39/2019 Satu Data Indonesia",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Bappenas leads the steering council)",
    "why": "Government big data analytics uses or produces government data, which this regulation requires to follow common data, metadata and interoperability standards and to be shared through the Satu Data Indonesia portal.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/en/perpres-no-39-tahun-2019"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Algorithm to Distribute Social Welfare Reported for Oversimplifying Economic Vulnerability",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2019-05-31",
    "what": "Takaful cash transfer program's algorithm which ranks families by their economic vulnerability level to determine financial assistance reportedly oversimplified people's economic situation, fueling social tension and perceptions of unfairness.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/546/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Purported DOGE Contract Review Tool Cited in Reports of AI-Driven Misjudgments in VA Budget Cuts",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-03-18",
    "what": "A purported AI tool using LLMs was deployed to classify Veterans Affairs contracts as expendable based on limited text and simplified criteria.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1103/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-citizen-report-handling",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Citizen report handling",
  "description": "Handling of citizen complaint reports in public service apps; documented misuse of generative AI by staff.",
  "model_classes": [
   "image generation"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "DKI Jakarta banned AI for fabricating follow-up evidence (Apr 2026).",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5522984/dki-sepekan-laporan-jaki-gunakan-ai-hingga-lebaran-betawi-2026"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Citizen report handling is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Citizen report handling processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Citizen report handling is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Citizen report handling handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (Traffy Fondue, by NECTEC/NSTDA)",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Traffy Fondue: AI to manage and route citizen complaints; over 1.3 million complaints",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2022-07-22",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2351366/tech-fix-for-city-woes",
     "https://pr-bangkok.com/?p=625410"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Municipal Services Office with GovTech (OneService)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "OneService chatbot: case type prediction (trained on 160,000 cases), detail extraction and agency routing; over 30,000 cases a month",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2021-07-15",
    "evidence_type": "government statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.tech.gov.sg/technews/developing-the-one-service-chatbot/",
     "https://www.tech.gov.sg/technews/how-govtech-uses-ai-to-enhance-digital-public-services/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI-Generated Hoax Image Causes Public Panic in Denpasar",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2026-05-30",
    "what": "In Denpasar, Indonesia, an AI-generated image depicting a 'pocong begal' (ghost mugger) went viral on social media, causing public unrest.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-05-30-7d2e"
   },
   {
    "title": "Alleged AI-Generated Photo of Burning Truck in Manila Reportedly Triggered Firefighter Response",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "date": "2025-04-26",
    "what": "Firefighters in Manila reportedly responded to a supposed burning truck after being alerted with a photo later determined to have purportedly been AI-generated.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1197/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-citizen-service-assistant",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Citizen service assistants",
  "description": "LLM chatbots with guardrails answering citizen questions; conversational platforms for agencies.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "goto-llama3-8b-cpt-sahabatai-v1",
   "goto-sahabat-ai"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "indommlu",
   "sea-helm"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://blogs.nvidia.com/?p=75648",
   "https://www.tech.gov.sg/about-us/what-we-do/govtech-role-in-digital-transformation-for-the-public-sector/ai-and-data-in-singapore-government/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Citizen service assistants is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Citizen service assistants processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Citizen service assistants is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Citizen service assistants handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Citizen service assistants lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "VNeID (national electronic identification app) public administration virtual assistant",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AI-powered public administration virtual assistant integrated into VNeID",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-04-11",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/launch-of-ai-powered-public-administration-assistant-on-vneid-74685.html"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Microsoft-Powered New York City Chatbot Advises Illegal Practices",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2024-03-29",
    "what": "New York City's chatbot, launched under Mayor Eric Adams's plan to assist businesses, has been reportedly providing dangerously inaccurate legal advice.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/714/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) AI Chatbot 'Charlie' Reportedly Gave Incorrect Tax Filing Guidance at Scale",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2025-12-12",
    "what": "Charlie the Chatbot, an AI-powered system deployed by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), has reportedly been providing inaccurate or incomplete tax-related information to members of the public.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1310/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-document-processing",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Document and archive processing",
  "description": "Vision LLMs for ID documents and archives (transferable private-sector pattern).",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document"
  ],
  "models": [
   "grab-custom-vision-llm-1b"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://engineering.grab.com/custom-vision-llm-at-grab"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Document and archive processing is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Document and archive processing processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Document and archive processing is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Document and archive processing handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Alleged ChatGPT Misuse by Contractor Leads to Reported Data Exposure in New South Wales Resilient Homes Program",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2025-03-12",
    "what": "A former contractor of the New South Wales Reconstruction Authority reportedly uploaded a spreadsheet containing personal and health information of Resilient Homes Program applicants to ChatGPT during a three-day period in March 2025.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1228/"
   },
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Introduces Errors in Critical Child Protection Court Report",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2024-09-25",
    "what": "A child protection worker in Victoria, Australia reportedly used ChatGPT to draft a report submitted to the Children's Court.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/807/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-egov-services",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "E-government super-app",
  "description": "Government e-services super-app; no AI model named.",
  "model_classes": [],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.medcom.id/teknologi/news-teknologi/0KvYgopk-komdigi-fasilitas-penerapan-ai-untuk-layanan-publik"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "E-government super-app is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "E-government super-app processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "E-government super-app is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "E-government super-app handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 24/2013 Perubahan UU Administrasi Kependudukan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Dukcapil, Kementerian Dalam Negeri)",
    "why": "E-government super-app uses population identity data such as NIK or biometric records, which this law governs and which Dukcapil manages.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2013/24TAHUN2013UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), eGovPH super app",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "eGovAI tools in eGovPH, including the 'Kuya A' AI assistant (identity verification, document processing, translation)",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-09-21",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://context.ph/?p=75610",
     "https://philstarlife.com/geeky/335319-dict-launches-new-ai-assistant-egovph-app-what-it-can-do"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Thai Wallet App's Facial Recognition Errors Created Registration Issues for Government Programs",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2019-09-29",
    "what": "A Thai wallet app failed to recognize people’s faces, resulting in citizens and disproportionately elders unable to sign up for Thai government’s cash handout and co-pay programs or having to wait in long queues at local ATMs for authentication.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/375/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Washington State DOL's AI Phone System Reportedly Failed to Provide Spanish-Language Service to Callers Requesting Spanish",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-02-27",
    "what": "For months, callers to the Washington State Department of Licensing who selected Spanish reportedly received AI-generated English responses spoken with a Spanish accent rather than actual Spanish-language service.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1401/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-indonesian-llm",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Indonesian and regional-language LLMs",
  "description": "Instruct LLM families for Indonesian and SEA languages for agencies and businesses.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "goto-llama-sahabat-ai-v2-70b-it",
   "goto-gemma2-9b-cpt-sahabatai-v1",
   "goto-llama3-8b-cpt-sahabatai-v1",
   "ai-singapore-qwen-sea-lion-v4-5-27b-it",
   "ai-singapore-gemma-sea-lion-v4-5-e2b-it"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "indommlu",
   "sea-helm",
   "sea-ifeval",
   "sea-mtbench",
   "global-mmlu-lite"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/GoToCompany/Llama-Sahabat-AI-v2-70B-IT",
   "https://huggingface.co/GoToCompany",
   "https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-technology/enterprise-ecosystems/18569-massive-enhancement-announced-for-indonesian-llm.html",
   "https://huggingface.co/aisingapore/Qwen-SEA-LION-v4.5-27B-IT",
   "https://huggingface.co/aisingapore"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Indonesian and regional-language LLMs is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Indonesian and regional-language LLMs provides general-purpose language models or components; the EU AI Act sets transparency and documentation duties for general-purpose AI models offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Korean Chatbot Luda Reportedly Made Offensive Remarks Towards Minority Groups in South Korea",
    "country": "South Korea",
    "date": "2020-12-23",
    "what": "A Korean interactive chatbot was allegedly shown in screenshots to have used derogatory and bigoted language when asked about lesbians, Black people, and people with disabilities.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/106/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-indonesian-nlu",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Indonesian NLU (classification, NER)",
  "description": "BERT encoders for Indonesian.",
  "model_classes": [
   "embedding"
  ],
  "models": [
   "indonlp-indobert-base",
   "indonlp-indobert-large",
   "indonlp-indobert-lite"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "indonlu"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/indobenchmark/indobert-base-p1",
   "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.05387"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Indonesian NLU (classification, NER) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Indonesian NLU (classification, NER) provides general-purpose language models or components; the EU AI Act sets transparency and documentation duties for general-purpose AI models offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Facebook’s and Twitter's Automated Content Moderation Reportedly Failed to Effectively Enforce Violation Rules for Small Language Groups",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2021-02-16",
    "what": "Facebook's and Twitter were not able to sufficiently moderate content of small language groups such as the Balkan languages using AI, allegedly due to the lack of investment in human moderation and difficulty in AI-solution design for the languages.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/143/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Facebook's AI-Supported Moderation Failed to Classify Terrorist Content in East African Languages",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2015-06-01",
    "what": "Facebook's system involving algorithmic content moderation for East African languages was reportedly failing to identify violating content on the platform such as mistakenly classifying non-terrorist content.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/392/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-intelligence-analysis-fusion",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Intelligence analysis with multimodal data fusion",
  "description": "Combines text, imagery and signals from many sources to support intelligence analysts.",
  "model_classes": [
   "multimodal LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Intelligence analysis with multimodal data fusion is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Intelligence analysis with multimodal data fusion processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 2/2002 Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Polri)",
    "why": "Intelligence analysis with multimodal data fusion is used for policing and public order tasks, which this law assigns to the Indonesian National Police.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2002/2TAHUN2002UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "West Midlands Police Reportedly Relied on Erroneous Copilot-Generated Intelligence in Maccabi Tel Aviv Away-Fan Ban Decision",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-10-24",
    "what": "West Midlands Police reportedly included inaccurate intelligence purportedly generated using Microsoft Copilot in materials used to justify banning Maccabi Tel Aviv supporters from attending a November 2025 Europa League match against Aston Villa.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1400/"
   },
   {
    "title": "AI Chatbot Reportedly Misidentified Chinese Ship Cargo as Nuclear-Program Components, Prompting U.S. Military Interception Preparations",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2026-09-18",
    "what": "In spring 2026, a U.S.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1701/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-permit-licence-processing",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Permit and licence application processing",
  "description": "Reads permit and licence applications, checks them against the rules and routes them for decision.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "OCR and document"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Permit and licence application processing is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Permit and licence application processing processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Permit and licence application processing is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Permit and licence application processing handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-policy-drafting-tracking",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Policy drafting and global policy tracking",
  "description": "Helps draft policy texts and follows policy developments in other countries, including in other languages.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Policy drafting and global policy tracking is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Policy drafting and global policy tracking is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Policy drafting and global policy tracking handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Purportedly Taxpayer-Funded Deloitte Report for Australian Government Contains Alleged AI-Generated Citations and Fabricated Legal Quote",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2025-08-22",
    "what": "Australian academics reportedly identified fabricated references and a misattributed legal quote in a $439,000 Deloitte report for the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations on welfare compliance.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1193/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Federal 'Make America Healthy Again' Report Released with Multiple Reportedly Erroneous and Unverifiable Citations",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-05-22",
    "what": "The federal \"Make America Healthy Again\" (MAHA) report, released under HHS Secretary Robert F.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1084/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Canadian MLA Bill Oliver Reportedly Read Unremoved LLM Instructions During New Brunswick Legislative Speech",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2026-06-09",
    "what": "During a June 9, 2026 speech in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Canada, MLA Bill Oliver read aloud two passages that appeared to be unremoved instructions from an LLM-assisted draft.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1607/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-procurement-contract-drafting",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Procurement, quotation comparison and contract drafting",
  "description": "Drafts tender and contract documents and checks supplier quotations against stated requirements.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "embedding"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Procurement, quotation comparison and contract drafting is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Procurement, quotation comparison and contract drafting is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Procurement, quotation comparison and contract drafting handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Purported DOGE Contract Review Tool Cited in Reports of AI-Driven Misjudgments in VA Budget Cuts",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-03-18",
    "what": "A purported AI tool using LLMs was deployed to classify Veterans Affairs contracts as expendable based on limited text and simplified criteria.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1103/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-public-officer-assistant",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Public officer assistants",
  "description": "LLM assistants for civil servants (Singapore Pair; underlying model not named).",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.tech.gov.sg/about-us/what-we-do/govtech-role-in-digital-transformation-for-the-public-sector/ai-and-data-in-singapore-government/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Public officer assistants is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Public officer assistants processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Public officer assistants is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "GovTech / Open Government Products (Pair)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Pair: LLM assistant for public officers; over 60,000 registered users, over 20,000 weekly active users",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2024-09-26",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.undp.org/policy-centre/singapore/blog/pairing-ai-public-sector-impact-singapore",
     "https://products.open.gov.sg/pair"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Ministry of Digital and National AI Office (AI at Work 2.0)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Google Workspace with Gemini for 445,000 public servants via MyGovUC",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-02",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://sea.peoplemattersglobal.com/news/ai-and-emerging-tech/malaysia-expands-ai-capabilities-in-public-sector-with-ai-at-work-20-44514"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Canadian MLA Bill Oliver Reportedly Read Unremoved LLM Instructions During New Brunswick Legislative Speech",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2026-06-09",
    "what": "During a June 9, 2026 speech in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Canada, MLA Bill Oliver read aloud two passages that appeared to be unremoved instructions from an LLM-assisted draft.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1607/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Rep. Anna Paulina Luna's Office Reportedly Published Claude Transcript Residue on Accident in House Amendment Summary",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-06-24",
    "what": "A staffer in Rep.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1641/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-regulatory-inspection-support",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Regulatory examination and inspection support",
  "description": "Helps regulators prepare examinations and inspections by reading filings and flagging issues.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "OCR and document"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Regulatory examination and inspection support is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-satellite-monitoring",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Satellite monitoring (land cover, floods, forests)",
  "description": "Geospatial foundation models and forest baseline maps.",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial"
  ],
  "models": [
   "ibm-prithvi-eo-2-0-300m",
   "ibm-prithvi-eo-2-0-600m",
   "google-deepmind-natural-forests-mtsvit"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "geo-bench"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/ibm-nasa-geospatial/Prithvi-EO-2.0-600M",
   "https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.02732v2",
   "https://research.google/blog/separating-natural-forests-from-other-tree-cover-with-ai-for-deforestation-free-supply-chains/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Satellite monitoring (land cover, floods, forests) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 39/2019 Satu Data Indonesia",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Bappenas leads the steering council)",
    "why": "Satellite monitoring (land cover, floods, forests) uses or produces government data, which this regulation requires to follow common data, metadata and interoperability standards and to be shared through the Satu Data Indonesia portal.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/en/perpres-no-39-tahun-2019"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 32/2009 Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup)",
    "why": "Satellite monitoring (land cover, floods, forests) monitors land cover, floods and forests, information this law asks the government to use for environmental protection and management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Government‑Backed AI4Peat Mapping Tool Allegedly Misidentifies Granite Outcrops and Quarries as Peat",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-05-10",
    "what": "The UK's AI4Peat mapping project, developed by Natural England in collaboration with Microsoft, reportedly produced significant misclassifications of peatland across England, including labeling rocky outcrops, stone walls, and woodlands as peat bogs.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1159/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Purportedly AI-Manipulated Satellite Image Reportedly Claimed Iranian Strike Destroyed U.S. Radar in Qatar",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-02-28",
    "what": "A purportedly AI-manipulated satellite-style image reportedly circulated online claiming to show U.S.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1494/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-sea-embeddings",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Embeddings and retrieval for SEA languages",
  "description": "Encoders for retrieval in SEA languages.",
  "model_classes": [
   "embedding"
  ],
  "models": [
   "ai-singapore-sea-lion-modernbert-300m",
   "ai-singapore-sea-lion-modernbert-600m",
   "ai-singapore-sea-lion-e5-embedding-600m"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/aisingapore"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Embeddings and retrieval for SEA languages is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Embeddings and retrieval for SEA languages provides general-purpose language models or components; the EU AI Act sets transparency and documentation duties for general-purpose AI models offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-smart-city-operations",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Smart city operations and urban infrastructure",
  "description": "Runs city infrastructure such as traffic, lighting and utilities using camera and sensor data.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Smart city operations and urban infrastructure is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Smart city operations and urban infrastructure processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 39/2019 Satu Data Indonesia",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Bappenas leads the steering council)",
    "why": "Smart city operations and urban infrastructure uses or produces government data, which this regulation requires to follow common data, metadata and interoperability standards and to be shared through the Satu Data Indonesia portal.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/en/perpres-no-39-tahun-2019"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 22/2009 Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Perhubungan and Polri)",
    "why": "Smart city operations and urban infrastructure includes traffic management on city roads, which this law governs.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-22-tahun-2009"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL), operated by ITMAX",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Smart traffic controller system: CCTV with AI analytics, real-time monitoring and adaptive signal control (RM42 million, three years)",
    "status": "contract signed",
    "date": "2025-12-23",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.nst.com.my/amp/business/corporate/2025/12/1343322/itmax-extends-kl-traffic-system-role-rm42mil-contract"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Land Transport Authority (LTA)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "CRUISE smart traffic light control system; AI video analytics for incident detection",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": "2026-08-04",
    "evidence_type": "government statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.mot.gov.sg/news-resources/newsroom/plans-to-enhance-traffic-management-systems-by-leveraging-ai-and-predictive-analytics/"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (with Google)",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AI traffic signal timing (adaptive approach) with Google",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": "2025-05-27",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://dig.watch/updates/bangkok-teams-up-with-google-to-tackle-traffic-with-ai"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Facial Recognition Program in São Paulo Metro Stations Suspended for Illegal and Disproportionate Violation of Citizens' Right to Privacy",
    "country": "Brazil",
    "date": "2018-04-12",
    "what": "A facial recognition program rolled out by São Paulo Metro Stations was suspended following a court ruling in response to a lawsuit by civil society organizations, who cited fear of it being integrated with other electronic surveillance entities without consent, and lack of transparency about the biometric data collection process of metro users.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/184/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Facial Recognition System in Buenos Aires Triggers Police Checks Based on False Matches",
    "country": "Argentina",
    "date": "2024-02-05",
    "what": "Buenos Aires's facial recognition system mistakenly flagged innocent people as criminals, leading to wrongful stops and detentions.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/829/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-statistics-classification",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Statistical classification for censuses",
  "description": "Generative AI suggestions for business classification codes (KBLI) in census interviews.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/short/bps-optimalkan-ai-untuk-klasifikasi-data-sensus-ekonomi-2026"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Statistical classification for censuses is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Statistical classification for censuses processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Statistical classification for censuses is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 39/2019 Satu Data Indonesia",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Bappenas leads the steering council)",
    "why": "Statistical classification for censuses uses or produces government data, which this regulation requires to follow common data, metadata and interoperability standards and to be shared through the Satu Data Indonesia portal.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/en/perpres-no-39-tahun-2019"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 24/2013 Perubahan UU Administrasi Kependudukan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Dukcapil, Kementerian Dalam Negeri)",
    "why": "Statistical classification for censuses uses population identity data such as NIK or biometric records, which this law governs and which Dukcapil manages.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2013/24TAHUN2013UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-tax-administration",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Tax administration AI",
  "description": "AI architecture and monitoring in the tax authority's strategic plan.",
  "model_classes": [],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": "DJP Renstra 2025 to 2029 (KEP-252/PJ/2025).",
  "sources": [
   "https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/kejar-kepatuhan-hingga-2029-djp-siapkan-sistem-pajak-berbasis-ai"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Tax administration AI is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Tax administration AI processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Tax administration AI is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 28/2007 Ketentuan Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan (as amended)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Pajak, Kementerian Keuangan)",
    "why": "Tax administration AI supports tax supervision and audit, which this law governs, including the duty of officials to keep taxpayer information confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2007/28TAHUN2007UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AI analysis of more than 1.6 billion e-Invoices for compliance and risk detection",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-08-04",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2026/08/05/lhdn-raises-rm44bil-in-additional-taxes"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Revenue Department",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AI to scrutinise taxes, tested in a sandbox",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": "2023-03-13",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2526375/revenue-to-launch-ai-to-scrutinise-taxes"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Dutch Families Wrongfully Accused of Tax Fraud Due to Discriminatory Algorithm",
    "country": "Netherlands",
    "date": "2018-09-01",
    "what": "A childcare benefits system in the Netherlands falsely accused thousands of families of fraud, in part due to an algorithm that treated having a second nationality as a risk factor.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/101/"
   },
   {
    "title": "IRS Audited Black Taxpayers More Frequently Reportedly Due to Algorithm",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2008-07-18",
    "what": "The IRS was auditing Black taxpayers more frequently than other groups allegedly due to the design of their algorithms, focusing on easier-to-conduct audits which inadvertently correlated with the group's pattern of tax filing errors.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/461/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Israeli Tax Authority Reportedly Used an Opaque Automated System to Issue a Fine, Declining to Explain or Disclose the Underlying Calculation",
    "country": "Israel",
    "date": "2021-01-11",
    "what": "An Israeli farmer, Moshe Har Shemesh, reportedly received a fine generated by a Tax Authority software system whose calculation officials were allegedly unable to explain.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/137/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-tourism-travel-planner",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Tourism travel planner",
  "description": "AI travel planner and companion on a national tourism site.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.ttgasia.com/2025/04/01/indonesia-website-adopts-ai-integration-to-become-a-smart-travel-companion/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Tourism travel planner is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Tourism travel planner processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Tourism travel planner is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Singapore Tourism Board (with Mafengwo)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AI Xiaoma travel assistant on Mafengwo (itineraries, real-time translation) for Chinese travellers to Singapore",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-06-12",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.aap.com.au/aapreleases/cision20250611ae08104"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Singapore Tourism Board (with OpenAI)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Partnership to deploy AI for hyper-personalised travel recommendations and multilingual assistance",
    "status": "planned",
    "date": "2025-07-23",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.tin.media/news/details/ZU5ubStaZjlKbFp1TzZsdVpTa29JWUw0blJBYm4yK05rZkZIV05EeUZtST0="
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Purportedly AI-Generated Video Reportedly Misled Elderly Malaysian Couple Into Traveling to Nonexistent Cable Car Attraction",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "date": "2025-06-30",
    "what": "An elderly couple from Kuala Lumpur reportedly drove three hours to Kuak Hulu, Perak, on June 30, 2025, after viewing a purportedly Google Veo 3-generated video depicting a nonexistent cable car attraction called the Kuak Skyride.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1634/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Teen Hiker Required Helicopter Rescue After Reportedly Following Claude Chatbot Directions in British Columbia, Canada",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2026-10-03",
    "what": "A 16-year-old hiker reportedly became stranded on a cliff on Crown Mountain in British Columbia, Canada, and required helicopter rescue.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1740/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-translation",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Translation including Indonesian",
  "description": "LLM-based machine translation.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-palm-2"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://blog.google/products/translate/google-translate-new-languages-2024/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Translation including Indonesian is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Translation including Indonesian provides general-purpose language models or components; the EU AI Act sets transparency and documentation duties for general-purpose AI models offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Facebook Provided Offensive Translation for King of Thailand's Birthday Ceremony",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2020-07-28",
    "what": "Facebook's Thai-English translation gave an inappropriate mistranslation on Thai PBS's Facebook live broadcast of the King of Thailand’s candle-lighting birthday ceremony.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/415/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Facebook translates 'good morning' into 'attack them', leading to arrest",
    "country": "Israel",
    "date": "2017-10-17",
    "what": "Facebook's automatic language translation software incorrectly translated an Arabic post saying \"Good morning\" into Hebrew saying \"hurt them,\" leading to the arrest of a Palestinian man in Beitar Illit, Israel.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/72/"
   },
   {
    "title": "AI translation is jeopardizing Afghan asylum claims",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2020-06-20",
    "what": "A Pashto-speaking refugee's asylum claim was denied by a US agency for a discrepancy between oral and written recount of an event allegedly due to an error of their automated translation tool which swapped pronouns of her written statement from \"I\" to \"we\".",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/532/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-urban-planning-simulation",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Urban planning scenario simulation",
  "description": "Simulates the effect of planning choices such as zoning, transport and housing on a city.",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial",
   "world model"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-gps-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Urban planning scenario simulation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 39/2019 Satu Data Indonesia",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Bappenas leads the steering council)",
    "why": "Urban planning scenario simulation uses or produces government data, which this regulation requires to follow common data, metadata and interoperability standards and to be shared through the Satu Data Indonesia portal.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/en/perpres-no-39-tahun-2019"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-catalogue-content-quality",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Product catalogue content generation and data quality",
  "description": "Writes product descriptions from images and specifications and fixes errors in product data.",
  "model_classes": [
   "multimodal LLM",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Product catalogue content generation and data quality is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Proliferation of Products on Amazon Titled with ChatGPT Error Messages",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-01-12",
    "what": "Products named after ChatGPT error messages are proliferating on Amazon, such as lawn chairs and religious texts.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/625/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon Rife with Many Allegedly AI-Generated Books of Suspect Quality",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-06-28",
    "what": "Amazon’s Kindle Unlimited young adult romance bestseller list was flooded with allegedly AI-generated books that made little to no sense, disrupting the rankings.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/575/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-consumer-market-intelligence",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Consumer and market intelligence research",
  "description": "Gathers and summarises consumer opinion, reviews and market signals to guide product and brand decisions.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Consumer and market intelligence research is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Consumer and market intelligence research processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-conversational-shopping-assistant",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Conversational shopping assistant",
  "description": "A chat assistant that helps shoppers find, compare and buy products from a retailer catalogue.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "recommendation"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "UU"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Conversational shopping assistant is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Conversational shopping assistant processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Conversational shopping assistant runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Conversational shopping assistant lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Chevrolet Dealer Chatbot Agrees to Sell Tahoe for $1",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-12-18",
    "what": "A Chevrolet dealer's AI chatbot, powered by ChatGPT, humorously agreed to sell a 2024 Chevy Tahoe for just $1, following a user's crafted prompt.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/622/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Google AI Overviews and ChatGPT Reportedly Cited Fraudulent Cruise Hotline, Allegedly Enabling Successful Scam",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-08-15",
    "what": "Google's AI Overviews allegedly surfaced a fraudulent customer service number for Royal Caribbean.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1187/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-demand-forecasting",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Demand forecasting",
  "description": "Time-series foundation models; no named retail customer found.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [
   "google-timesfm-2-5",
   "amazon-chronos-2"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "gift-eval",
   "fev-bench",
   "chronos-benchmark-ii"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/google/timesfm-2.5-200m-pytorch",
   "https://huggingface.co/amazon/chronos-2"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Demand forecasting is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Zillow Shut Down Zillow Offers Division Allegedly Due to Predictive Pricing Tool's Insufficient Accuracy",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-11-02",
    "what": "Zillow's AI-powered predictive pricing tool Zestimate was allegedly not able to accurately forecast housing prices three to six months in advance due to rapid market changes, prompting division shutdown and layoff of a few thousand employees.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/149/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-dynamic-pricing-markdown",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Dynamic pricing and markdown optimisation",
  "description": "Sets prices and markdowns from forecast demand, stock and competitor prices.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "UU",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Dynamic pricing and markdown optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "McDonald's Allegedly Used an AI Pricing Engine to Coordinate U.S. Menu Prices and Make Customers Overpay",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-10-02",
    "what": "A U.S.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1729/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon Algorithmic Pricing Allegedly Hiked up Price of Reference Book to Millions",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-04-08",
    "what": "Amazon's pricing algorithm was implicated in a reference book about flies' unusual high price of millions of dollars, allegedly due to two sellers using the paid service which based their product's pricing on one another's as competitors.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/528/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Uber's Surge Pricing Reportedly Offered Disproportionate Service Quality along Racial Lines",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2016-02-03",
    "what": "Uber's surge-pricing algorithm which adjusts prices to influence car availability inadvertently caused better service offering such as shorter wait times for majority white neighborhoods.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/407/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-fleet-driver-safety",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Driver and fleet safety monitoring",
  "description": "Watches drivers and vehicle data to warn of risky driving and reduce accidents in delivery fleets.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Driver and fleet safety monitoring is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Driver and fleet safety monitoring processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 22/2009 Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Perhubungan and Polri)",
    "why": "Driver and fleet safety monitoring manages drivers and vehicles on public roads, which this law governs through rules on driver competence, working hours and road safety.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-22-tahun-2009"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Amazon's AI Cameras Incorrectly Penalized Delivery Drivers for Mistakes They Did Not Make",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-09-20",
    "what": "Amazon's automated performance evaluation system involving AI-powered cameras incorrectly punished delivery drivers for non-existent mistakes, impacting their chances for bonuses and rewards.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/116/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon's Monitoring System Allegedly Pushed Delivery Drivers to Prioritize Speed over Safety, Leading to Crash",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-03-15",
    "what": "A lawsuit cited Amazon as liable in a crash involving its delivery driver, alleging that Amazon’s AI-powered driver monitoring system pushed drivers to prioritize speed over safety.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/157/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Motive AI Dashcams Allegedly Collected Truckers' Biometric Data and Built License-Plate Location Records Without Consent",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2020-01-01",
    "what": "Truck drivers Adam Dean and Christian Erickson alleged that Motive Technologies' AI dashcams used automatic license plate recognition to record plates and time-stamped vehicle locations and collected drivers' biometric data without adequate notice or consent.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1617/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-generative-product-design",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Generative product design and consumer research",
  "description": "Generates product concepts and designs and tests them with simulated or real consumer feedback.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "image generation"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Generative product design and consumer research is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Figma Disables AI Feature After Accusations of Copying Apple’s Weather App",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-07-02",
    "what": "Figma has temporarily disabled its AI design feature, \"Make Design,\" after accusations of copying Apple’s Weather app.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/745/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-marketing-content-generation",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Marketing and social content generation",
  "description": "Produces copy, images and short videos for campaigns and social media channels.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "image generation",
   "video generation"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Marketing and social content generation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Marketing and social content generation processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Marketing and social content generation runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 1/2024 Perubahan Kedua UU ITE",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Marketing and social content generation creates or moderates electronic content shown to the public, and this law prohibits distributing unlawful content such as false information that harms consumers.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/884/t/undangundang+nomor+1+tahun+2024"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Marketing and social content generation generates synthetic images, audio or video, for which the EU AI Act sets transparency duties to disclose AI-generated content; relevant when shown to EU audiences.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Deepfaked Advertisements Using the Likenesses of Celebrities Such as Tom Hanks and Gayle King Without Their Consent",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-10-02",
    "what": "Deepfake technology was used to generate video advertisements featuring celebrities.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/606/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Whirlpool Reportedly Used AI-Altered Footage of North Carolina State Senator DeAndrea Salvador in Brazilian Advertisement",
    "country": "Brazil",
    "date": "2025-06-01",
    "what": "An advertising campaign created by DM9, a São Paulo–based subsidiary of Omnicom Group, for Whirlpool's Brazilian brand Consul reportedly used AI to alter footage from a 2018 TED Talk by North Carolina State Senator DeAndrea Salvador.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1304/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-merchant-review-summarisation",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Merchant review summarisation",
  "description": "LLM summaries of merchant reviews.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://engineering.grab.com/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Merchant review summarisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Merchant review summarisation processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Merchant review summarisation runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 1/2024 Perubahan Kedua UU ITE",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Merchant review summarisation creates or moderates electronic content shown to the public, and this law prohibits distributing unlawful content such as false information that harms consumers.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/884/t/undangundang+nomor+1+tahun+2024"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI-Generated Airline Reviews Allegedly Mislead Consumers and Undermine Trust",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2024-10-31",
    "what": "AI-generated reviews of airline services have reportedly increased by 189% since the release of ChatGPT, with certain carriers like China Southern Airlines and SouthWest Airlines disproportionately affected, according to a study by Originality.ai.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/867/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-operations-agents",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "AI agents for operations",
  "description": "LLM agent platforms and SOP-driven agents (RiskOps).",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://engineering.grab.com/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI agents for operations is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI agents for operations processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Anthropic Claude AI Agent Reportedly Caused Financial Losses While Operating Office Vending Machine at Wall Street Journal Headquarters",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-12-18",
    "what": "An AI agent reportedly based on Anthropic's Claude model was deployed to operate an office vending machine at The Wall Street Journal, including purchasing inventory, setting prices, and managing sales.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1313/"
   },
   {
    "title": "OpenAI's Operator Agent Reportedly Executed Unauthorized $31.43 Transaction Despite Safety Protocol",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-02-07",
    "what": "OpenAI's Operator agent, which is designed to complete real-world web tasks on behalf of users, reportedly executed a $31.43 grocery delivery purchase without user consent.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1028/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-recommendation-personalisation",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Super-app recommendation and personalisation",
  "description": "LLM-powered enrichment plus hierarchical clustering.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "recommendation"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://engineering.grab.com/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Super-app recommendation and personalisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Super-app recommendation and personalisation processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Super-app recommendation and personalisation runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Amazon Reportedly Sold Products and Recommended Frequently Bought Together Items That Aid Suicide Attempts",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2022-02-04",
    "what": "Despite complaints notifying Amazon about the sale of various products that had been used to aid suicide attempts, its recommendation system reportedly continued selling them and suggesting their frequently bought-together items.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/156/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon Reportedly Recommends Explosive-Producing Ingredients as 'Frequently Bought Together' Items for Chemicals",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2017-09-18",
    "what": "Amazon was reported to have shown chemical combinations for producing explosives and incendiary devices as \"frequently bought together\" items via automated recommendation.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/329/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-route-optimisation",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Route optimisation",
  "description": "GPU-accelerated optimisation solver (NVIDIA cuOpt 26.10, Apache-2.0), not a neural model.",
  "model_classes": [],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://github.com/NVIDIA/cuopt"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Route optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Route optimisation processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 22/2009 Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Perhubungan and Polri)",
    "why": "Route optimisation manages drivers and vehicles on public roads, which this law governs through rules on driver competence, working hours and road safety.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-22-tahun-2009"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Grab",
    "country": null,
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AI embedded across delivery operations; company says AI helps it move items 30 percent faster",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-08-04",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.pymnts.com/?p=4037579"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Grab Tweaked Matchmaking Algorithm, Providing Preferential Treatment to Drivers Registered with Affiliated Car Rental Service",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2019-10-08",
    "what": "Grab Indonesia was fined by the Indonesian Competition Commission (KPPU) for unfairly favoring drivers who rented cars via the Grab-affiliated company Teknologi Pengangkutan Indonesia (TPI), including offering more rides via their matchmaking algorithm.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/272/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Navigation App Allegedly Directs Car Over Damaged Bridge in Uttar Pradesh, Resulting in Three Deaths",
    "country": "India",
    "date": "2024-11-25",
    "what": "A car reportedly using Google Maps for navigation was misled onto a collapsed bridge in Uttar Pradesh, India, due to outdated GPS data.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/857/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon Delivery Van Reportedly Became Stranded on Essex Mudflats After GPS Routed It Onto the Broomway",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2026-02-15",
    "what": "An Amazon delivery van reportedly became stranded on the Broomway, a hazardous tidal track in Essex in England, after the driver allegedly followed GPS/satnav directions toward Foulness Island.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1376/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-shelf-store-monitoring",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Shelf and store operations monitoring with computer vision",
  "description": "Uses cameras in stores to track shelf stock, planogram compliance and store conditions.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "multimodal LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Shelf and store operations monitoring with computer vision is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Shelf and store operations monitoring with computer vision processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Rite Aid Facial Recognition Disproportionately Misidentified Minority Shoppers as Shoplifters",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2023-12-20",
    "what": "Rite Aid used facial recognition technology from October 2012 to July 2020, allegedly leading to disproportionate misidentifications of women, Black, Latino, and Asian shoppers as \"likely\" shoplifters.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/619/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon Fresh Cameras Failed to Register Purchased Items",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2022-05-08",
    "what": "Amazon Fresh's system of tracking cameras in its cashier-less stores was reported by shoppers for failing to detect items they purchased.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/520/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-trade-promotion-optimisation",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Promotion planning and trade promotion optimisation",
  "description": "Forecasts the uplift from promotions and plans which promotions to run and when.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Promotion planning and trade promotion optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-virtual-try-on-visual-search",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Virtual try-on and visual product search",
  "description": "Lets shoppers see products on themselves and search the catalogue with a photo.",
  "model_classes": [
   "image generation",
   "embedding"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "UU"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Virtual try-on and visual product search is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Virtual try-on and visual product search processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Virtual try-on and visual product search runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI Photo Filter Lightens Skin, Changes Eye Color in Student's 'Professional' Image",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-07-21",
    "what": "An AI application modified an MIT student's photo to appear 'professional' by lightening her skin and changing her eye color to blue, highlighting the racial bias in the training data of the program.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/593/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-voice-assistant",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Super-app voice assistant",
  "description": "LLM voice assistant for ride, food and payments.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "speech recognition"
  ],
  "models": [
   "goto-sahabat-ai"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://blogs.nvidia.com/?p=75648"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Super-app voice assistant is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Super-app voice assistant processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Super-app voice assistant runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Super-app voice assistant lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Amazon Echo Mistakenly Recorded and Sent Private Conversation to Random Contact",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2018-05-11",
    "what": "Amazon Echo misinterpreted a background conversation between a husband and wife as instructions for recording a message and sending it to one of the husband's employees.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/361/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Alexa Recommended Dangerous TikTok Challenge to Ten-Year-Old Girl",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-12-26",
    "what": "Amazon’s voice assistant Alexa suggested “the penny challenge,” which involves dangerously touching a coin to the prongs of a half-exposed plug, when a ten-year-old girl asked for a challenge to do.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/160/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-warehouse-mobile-robots",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Autonomous mobile robots for warehouse material movement",
  "description": "Mobile robots that carry goods around warehouses and distribution centres.",
  "model_classes": [
   "robot policy",
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-consumer-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Autonomous mobile robots for warehouse material movement is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Autonomous mobile robots for warehouse material movement changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Three Robots Collided, Sparking Fire in a Grocer's Warehouse in UK ",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2021-07-16",
    "what": "A collision involving three robots at an Ocado's warehouse in Erith, UK, resulting in a fire but no reports of injuries.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/126/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Warehouse robot ruptures can of bear spray and injures workers",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2018-12-05",
    "what": "Twenty-four Amazon workers in New Jersey were hospitalized after a robot punctured a can of bear repellent spray in a warehouse.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/2/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon’s Robotic Fulfillment Centers Have Higher Serious Injury Rates",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2020-09-29",
    "what": "Amazon’s robotic fulfillment centers have higher serious injury rates.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/125/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "retail-grocery-robot-manipulation",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Retail grocery manipulation robots",
  "description": "Galbot robots run a retail manipulation VLA (GroceryVLA).",
  "model_classes": [
   "robot policy"
  ],
  "models": [
   "galbot-groceryvla"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/galbot"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Retail grocery manipulation robots is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Retail grocery manipulation robots changes how people work next to machines or hazards, and this law requires employers to protect workers' occupational safety and health through a safety management system.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Three Robots Collided, Sparking Fire in a Grocer's Warehouse in UK ",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2021-07-16",
    "what": "A collision involving three robots at an Ocado's warehouse in Erith, UK, resulting in a fire but no reports of injuries.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/126/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-customer-virtual-assistant",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Telecom customer virtual assistant",
  "description": "LLM virtual assistants and agent copilots for telecom customers.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.telkomsel.com/en/about-us/news/telkomsel-expands-ai-collaboration-microsoft-enhance-customers-digital-lifestyle",
   "https://microsoft.com/en/customers/story/1739790055278570755-telkomsel-azure-openai-service-telecommunications-en-indonesia"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom customer virtual assistant is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom customer virtual assistant processes personal data of subscribers, such as identity, location and usage records, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 36/1999 Telekomunikasi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom customer virtual assistant is part of running a telecommunications network or service, which this law regulates, including the operator's duty to keep information sent and received confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/564/t/undangundang+nomor+36+tahun+1999"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom customer virtual assistant is a digital service offered to users in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Telecom customer virtual assistant lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Singtel",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Omnichannel generative AI assistant in the Singtel Contact Centre (voice and digital), award-winning",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-04-10",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.dpexnetwork.org/news/view/eaCKDUEamsi2srHoCSZS6e",
     "https://rcrwireless.com/20240628/ai-ml/singtel-uses-ai-to-improve-its-call-center-operations"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Meta AI Support Bot Reportedly Enabled Takeovers of High-Profile Instagram Accounts",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2026-05-31",
    "what": "Hackers reportedly used Meta's AI support chatbot to take over high-profile Instagram accounts by allegedly convincing it to change account email information and trigger recovery flows.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1510/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Air Canada Chatbot Reportedly Provides Inaccurate Bereavement Fare Information, Leading to Customer Overpayment",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2022-11-11",
    "what": "A Canadian small claims tribunal reportedly ordered Air Canada to pay $812.02 in damages and court fees after its website chatbot allegedly provided inaccurate information about bereavement fare eligibility, leading a customer to overpay for flights.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/639/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-domain-llm",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Telecom domain LLMs and benchmarks",
  "description": "Domain-adapted LLMs and telecom knowledge benchmarks.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [
   "maatouk-llama-3-8b-tele-it"
  ],
  "benchmarks": [
   "teleqna",
   "gsma-open-telco-llm-benchmarks"
  ],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://huggingface.co/AliMaatouk/LLama-3-8B-Tele-it",
   "https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.15051",
   "https://www.gsma.com/get-involved/gsma-foundry/gsma-open-telco-llm-benchmarks/"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom domain LLMs and benchmarks is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-legal-document-intelligence",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Internal legal document intelligence",
  "description": "Internal document search and summarisation; agentic AI platform.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://selular.id/2026/05/itd-summit-2026-telkomgroup-buktikan-ai-bukan-tren-tapi-alat-kerja-nyata/",
   "https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/telkom-tlkm-luncurkan-agentic-ai-by-bigbox-dorong-otomasi-cerdas-untuk-bisnis"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Internal legal document intelligence is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Produced False Court Case Law Presented by Legal Counsel in Court",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-05-04",
    "what": "A lawyer in Mata v.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/541/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Law Firm Shapiro Arato Bach Reportedly Filed Fictitious Case Citation and Misattributed Quotations Using Harvey's Legal AI Platform in New York Federal Court",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-09-22",
    "what": "Law firm Shapiro Arato Bach reportedly acknowledged that unchecked use of Harvey, a legal AI platform, produced a fictitious case citation and misattributed quotations in a brief filed in federal court in New York.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1728/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-network-operations",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Network operations (RAN, NOC)",
  "description": "AI-driven network operations centres and AI-RAN; no named model.",
  "model_classes": [],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://blogs.nvidia.com/?p=75648",
   "https://www.lightreading.com/ai-machine-learning/indosat-ooredoo-hutchison-unveils-the-largest-digital-intelligence-operations-center-in-southeast-east-asia-marking-a-new-era-in-intelligence-native-telco",
   "https://telcomagazine.com/news/nokia-and-indosat-push-5g-and-ai-across-indonesia"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Network operations (RAN, NOC) is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 36/1999 Telekomunikasi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Network operations (RAN, NOC) is part of running a telecommunications network or service, which this law regulates, including the operator's duty to keep information sent and received confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/564/t/undangundang+nomor+36+tahun+1999"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "AIS (Advanced Info Service)",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "ZTE multi-agent operation and maintenance agents, including a Network Insight Agent, for autonomous network operations",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": "2025-09-29",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.telecomtv.com/content/network-automation/zte-and-ais-unveil-multi-agent-collaboration-technology-advancing-autonomous-network-upgrade-53930/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Australian Telco’s Incident Management Bot Excessively Sent Technicians in the Field by Mistake, Allegedly Costing Millions",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2018-02-01",
    "what": "In early 2018, an Australian telecommunications company’s incident management AI excessively deployed technicians into the field, and was allegedly unable to be stopped by the automation team.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/194/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-network-security",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Telecom network security and attack protection",
  "description": "Detects and blocks attacks on telecom networks and their customers, such as fraud and intrusions.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-tmt-2026.pdf",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom network security and attack protection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom network security and attack protection processes personal data of subscribers, such as identity, location and usage records, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 36/1999 Telekomunikasi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom network security and attack protection is part of running a telecommunications network or service, which this law regulates, including the operator's duty to keep information sent and received confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/564/t/undangundang+nomor+36+tahun+1999"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PP 71/2019 Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik",
    "body": "Government of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom network security and attack protection protects or hosts electronic systems, whose operators must run them reliably and securely and protect the data they hold.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/695/t/peraturan+pemerintah+nomor+71+tahun+2019"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Threat Actor Reportedly Used Hermes AI Agent for Unattended Post-Compromise Activity in Thailand's Ministry of Finance Network",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2026-07-09",
    "what": "Hunt.io reported that an unidentified threat actor used Nous Research's Hermes agent in unattended \"YOLO\" mode during an intrusion targeting Thailand's Ministry of Finance.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1669/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Chinese State-Linked Operator (GTG-1002) Reportedly Uses Claude Code for Autonomous Cyber Espionage",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2025-11-13",
    "what": "Anthropic reportedly identified a cyber espionage campaign in which a purported Chinese state-linked group, designated GTG-1002 by Anthropic, allegedly jailbroke Claude Code and used it to automate 80–90% of multi-stage intrusions.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1263/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-service-order-automation",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Telecom service order and lifecycle automation",
  "description": "Agents that handle telecom service orders from request through provisioning, changes and closure.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone3/us/en/docs/services/consulting/2026/ai-use-cases-tmt-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom service order and lifecycle automation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom service order and lifecycle automation processes personal data of subscribers, such as identity, location and usage records, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 36/1999 Telekomunikasi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Telecom service order and lifecycle automation is part of running a telecommunications network or service, which this law regulates, including the operator's duty to keep information sent and received confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/564/t/undangundang+nomor+36+tahun+1999"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Australian Telco’s Incident Management Bot Excessively Sent Technicians in the Field by Mistake, Allegedly Costing Millions",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2018-02-01",
    "what": "In early 2018, an Australian telecommunications company’s incident management AI excessively deployed technicians into the field, and was allegedly unable to be stopped by the automation team.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/194/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-fire-hotspot-detection",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Plantation fire and hotspot early detection",
  "description": "Flags fire hotspots in plantation concessions in near real time so field teams can check and respond before fires spread.",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial",
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://koran-jakarta.com/2026-02-15/antisipasi-karhutla-ptpn-iv-palmco-gandeng-tni-polri-operasikan-teknologi-deteksi-titik-panas-berbasis-ai/amp",
   "https://investortrust.id/business/116990/gapki-teknologi-pangkas-downtime-industri-sawit-makin-efisien"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Plantation fire and hotspot early detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 32/2009 Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup)",
    "why": "Plantation fire and hotspot early detection produces evidence on environmental impact or pollution, which this law requires businesses to manage, monitor and report.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 39/2014 Perkebunan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian)",
    "why": "Plantation fire and hotspot early detection supports oil palm or other plantation operations, which this law governs, including plantation business licensing and sustainable land management.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/id/undang-undang-republik-indonesia-no-39-tahun-2014"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-crop-disease-diagnosis-app",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Crop disease diagnosis from farmer photos",
  "description": "Farmers photograph a diseased plant in a phone app and AI returns a diagnosis and treatment advice.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://itb.ac.id/news/identifying-plant-diseases-using-a-smartphone-app-dr-tania/57246"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Crop disease diagnosis from farmer photos is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Crop disease diagnosis from farmer photos processes personal data of farmers, smallholders or borrowers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PP 71/2019 Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik",
    "body": "Government of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Crop disease diagnosis from farmer photos runs as an app for farmers, an electronic system whose operator must run it reliably and securely under this regulation.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/695/t/peraturan+pemerintah+nomor+71+tahun+2019"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Southern Horticultural Research Institute (SOFRI) with VISTIP, CABI and BOM Software",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AI Plant Doctor app: diagnoses pests and diseases on dragon fruit from photos",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2021-02-18",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://blog.plantwise.org/2021/02/18/ai-plant-doctor-app-launched-to-help-diagnose-pests-and-diseases-on-dragon-fruit-crops-in-vietnam/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI Chatbot Reportedly Recommended Herbicide Treatment Linked to Loss of About 25 Acres of Sesame in China",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2026-07-10",
    "what": "A 67-year-old farmer in Chuzhou, Anhui, reportedly used an AI-generated weed-and-pest-control plan to spray about 150 mu (25 acres) of sesame by drone.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1654/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ag-aquaculture-pond-ai",
  "industry": "agriculture and plantations",
  "name": "Aquaculture feeding and pond monitoring",
  "description": "Sensors and AI models set feeding and predict harvest and disease risk in fish and shrimp ponds.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://aquaasiapac.com/2021/11/29/jala-raises-usd-6-million-to-contribute-to-ecological-sustainability-of-indonesias-shrimp-industry/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Aquaculture feeding and pond monitoring is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 31/2004 Perikanan (as amended)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan)",
    "why": "Aquaculture feeding and pond monitoring supports fish farming, which this law regulates as aquaculture (pembudidayaan ikan), including feed and disease control.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2004/31TAHUN2004UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Viet-Uc Group (with AquaEasy)",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AquaEasy AI systems, i-feeders and ShrimpTalk in over 1,000 shrimp ponds",
    "status": "contract signed",
    "date": "2022-07-20",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://thefishsite.com/articles/aquaeasy-teams-up-with-viet-uc"
    ]
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-deepfake-liveness-detection",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding",
  "description": "Checks that a face or ID document in online onboarding is live and real, and blocks deepfake video and camera injection attacks.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://gizmologi.id/news/tech/vida-identity-stack-rilis-penipuan-deepfake-ai/amp/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 8/2023 Penerapan Program APU, PPT dan PPPSPM di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding supports customer due diligence or transaction monitoring, which financial service providers must run under their anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing programme.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/POJK-APU-PPT-dan-PPPSPM-di-SJK.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 8/2010 Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (PPATK as financial intelligence unit)",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding helps identify and report suspicious transactions, a duty this law places on reporting parties.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2010/8TAHUN2010UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding uses biometric identification, which the EU AI Act lists among high-risk uses; it applies when the system is offered in the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 24/2013 Perubahan UU Administrasi Kependudukan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Dukcapil, Kementerian Dalam Negeri)",
    "why": "Deepfake and liveness detection in digital onboarding matches customers against population identity data, which this law governs as population data managed by Dukcapil.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2013/24TAHUN2013UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Deepfake photos used to bypass digital KYC in Indonesian loan applications",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2024-12-04",
    "what": "Group-IB reported that one Indonesian financial institution client saw over 1,100 attempts to pass its digital KYC for loan applications with AI-generated deepfake photos.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/deepfake-fraud/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Purported Face‑Swap Technology Reportedly Used to Circumvent Financial Platform's Facial Recognition Security in Nanjing, China",
    "country": "China",
    "date": "2024-10-15",
    "what": "In Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, a defendant (Fu Mou) was convicted in October 2024 for allegedly using AI‑powered face‑swap software to bypass an unnamed financial platform's facial recognition system.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1163/"
   },
   {
    "title": "ProKYC Tool Allegedly Facilitates Deepfake-Based Account Fraud on Cryptocurrency Exchanges",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-10-09",
    "what": "Cato CTRL security researchers reported that the cybercriminal group ProKYC is selling a deepfake tool capable of bypassing biometric and two-factor authentication (2FA) systems on cryptocurrency exchanges.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/819/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-supervisory-technology",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Supervisory technology for financial regulators",
  "description": "Regulators analyse full populations of bank reports with AI and machine learning to find early warning signs instead of sampling.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20260205135056-17-708487/perketat-pengawasan-ojk-pantau-bank-pakai-ai"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Supervisory technology for financial regulators is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Supervisory technology for financial regulators processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-credit-document-analysis",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Credit document and bank statement analysis",
  "description": "Extracts data from bank statements and credit files, analyses cash flow and repayment capacity, and drafts credit memos.",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.industry.co.id/read/141833/jalin-mitra-strategis-danamon-memanfaatkan-platform-faas-6estates-untuk-tingkatkan-pemrosesan-kredit"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Credit document and bank statement analysis is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Credit document and bank statement analysis processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Credit document and bank statement analysis is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Credit document and bank statement analysis is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Credit document and bank statement analysis deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-credit-early-warning",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Credit early warning and portfolio monitoring",
  "description": "Monitors borrowers and loan portfolios with AI to flag loans likely to go bad before default.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://investortrust.id/financial/35913/ini-tiga-jurus-sukses-bank-mandiri-terapkan-artificial-intelligence",
   "https://www.industry.co.id/read/141833/jalin-mitra-strategis-danamon-memanfaatkan-platform-faas-6estates-untuk-tingkatkan-pemrosesan-kredit"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Credit early warning and portfolio monitoring is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Credit early warning and portfolio monitoring processes personal and financial data of customers, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Credit early warning and portfolio monitoring is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Credit early warning and portfolio monitoring is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-outbound-voicebot",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Outbound AI voice calls to customers",
  "description": "AI voicebots that place automated calls to customers at scale, for example reminders and routine follow-ups.",
  "model_classes": [
   "speech recognition",
   "speech synthesis",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/tokio-marine-indonesia-sebut-terapkan-kecerdasan-buatan-dalam-proses-klaim",
   "https://tirto.id/ai-rudder-strengthens-cimb-niagas-digital-innovation-through-ai-solutions-hu7y"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Outbound AI voice calls to customers is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Outbound AI voice calls to customers processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Outbound AI voice calls to customers is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Panduan Kode Etik Kecerdasan Buatan yang Bertanggung Jawab dan Terpercaya di Industri Teknologi Finansial (2023)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) with the fintech associations",
    "why": "Outbound AI voice calls to customers is also offered by fintech providers, for whom OJK's AI code of ethics sets principles of being beneficial, fair and accountable, transparent and explainable, and robust and secure.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/ITSK/Pages/Panduan-Kode-Etik-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)-yang-Bertanggung-Jawab-dan-Terpercaya-di-Industri-Teknologi-Finansial.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 22/2023 Pelindungan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Outbound AI voice calls to customers deals directly with financial consumers, so the provider's duties on fair treatment, clear information, data protection and complaint handling apply.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Pelindungan-Konsumen-dan-Masyarakat-di-Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Outbound AI voice calls to customers lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Fake Biden Voice in Robocall Misleads New Hampshire Democratic Voters in 2024 Primary Election",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2024-01-21",
    "what": "A robocall imitating President Biden's voice urged New Hampshire Democrats to skip the 2024 primary, falsely claiming their votes mattered more in November.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/628/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Walmart's AI Voice System Allegedly Collected Illinois Callers' Biometric Voiceprints Without Consent",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-12-01",
    "what": "A proposed class action alleges that Walmart's AI voice system captured biometric voiceprints from Illinois residents who called local stores without first obtaining meaningful consent or explaining how the biometric data would be retained and deleted.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1622/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "fin-developer-coding-assistant",
  "industry": "finance and insurance",
  "name": "Coding assistants for in-house bank developers",
  "description": "Generative AI coding assistants that raise developer productivity and code accuracy in bank IT teams.",
  "model_classes": [
   "code"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://investortrust.id/financial/35913/ini-tiga-jurus-sukses-bank-mandiri-terapkan-artificial-intelligence"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Coding assistants for in-house bank developers is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Artifisial Perbankan Indonesia (2025 guideline)",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Coding assistants for in-house bank developers is an AI use in banking, which OJK's AI governance guideline covers across the AI life cycle, including bias, explainability and cyber risk.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Tata-Kelola-Kecerdasan-Artifisial-Perbankan-Indonesia.aspx"
   },
   {
    "rule": "POJK 11/POJK.03/2022 Penyelenggaraan Teknologi Informasi oleh Bank Umum",
    "body": "Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)",
    "why": "Coding assistants for in-house bank developers is part of a commercial bank's information technology, which this regulation subjects to IT governance, risk management, cyber security and rules on using IT service providers.",
    "url": "https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penyelenggaraan-Teknologi-Informasi-Oleh-Bank-Umum.aspx"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Purportedly Hallucinated Software Packages with Potential Malware Reportedly Downloaded Thousands of Times by Developers",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-12-01",
    "what": "Large language models have reportedly hallucinated non-existent software package names, some of which were subsequently uploaded to public repositories and incorporated into real codebases.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/731/"
   },
   {
    "title": "LLM-Driven Replit Agent Reportedly Executed Unauthorized Destructive Commands During Code Freeze, Leading to Loss of Production Data",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-07-18",
    "what": "An AI-powered development assistant on Replit's platform reportedly deleted a live production database during an active code freeze, despite receiving repeated instructions not to make changes.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1152/"
   },
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Implicated in Samsung Data Leak of Source Code and Meeting Notes",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-03-11",
    "what": "Samsung engineers are reported to have inadvertently leaked sensitive company data sometime in March 2023, including source code and internal meeting notes, by using ChatGPT to assist with tasks.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/768/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-claim-document-verification",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Health insurance claim document verification and processing",
  "description": "Checks diagnoses against lab, radiology and procedure records and coding and payer rules before a claim is submitted, and automates claim processing, for example for national health insurance (JKN) claims.",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.its.ac.id/?p=66933",
   "https://govinsider.asia/indo-id/article/rscm-di-garis-depan-transformasi-layanan-kesehatan",
   "https://infobanknews.com/simak-ini-hasil-nyata-penerapan-ai-di-bisnis-halodoc/"
  ],
  "unverified": [],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Health insurance claim document verification and processing is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Health insurance claim document verification and processing processes health and claims data of insured members, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Health insurance claim document verification and processing handles health financing and claims linked to health services, which this law regulates under health funding and health information systems.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Fullerton Health",
    "country": "multi-country",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Hybrid OCR, logistic regression and Qwen 2.5-VL-7B vision-language model for claim document classification and field extraction; tens of thousands of claims weekly from Vietnam and Singapore",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-01-06",
    "evidence_type": "academic paper",
    "sources": [
     "https://chatpaper.com/paper/223825"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Cigna Algorithm PXDX Allegedly Rejected Thousands of Patient Claims En Masse in Breach of California Law",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2023-07-24",
    "what": "Cigna health insurer faces a class-action lawsuit for allegedly using the PXDX (\"procedure-to-diagnosis\") algorithm to automatically reject over 300,000 patient claims in violation of California law, prompting two members to file the lawsuit seeking damages and a jury trial.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/591/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Airbnb Host Reportedly Accused of Using Purportedly AI‑Altered Photos in False Damage Claim",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-08-02",
    "what": "A London-based Airbnb guest was reportedly accused by a New York host of causing over £12,000 in damages.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1161/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-symptom-triage-navigation",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Symptom triage and care navigation assistant",
  "description": "A consumer assistant that does first symptom triage and routes the user to the right doctor, specialist or product; it does not diagnose.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/hilda-sistem-ai-halodoc-yang-bikin-akses-kesehatan-jadi-lebih-simpel"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Medical"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Symptom triage and care navigation assistant is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Symptom triage and care navigation assistant processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Symptom triage and care navigation assistant is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Symptom triage and care navigation assistant is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Fullerton Health",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AI-enabled COVID-19 symptom checker and chat on the LiveFuller app",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2020-05-08",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.fullertonhealth.com/sg/fullerton-health-launches-a-free-covid-19-symptom-checker-and-chat-function-for-singapore-with-plans-to-roll-out-across-asia-pacific"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "The WHO's S.A.R.A.H. Bot Reported to Provide Inconsistent and Inadequate Health Information",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-04-24",
    "what": "The WHO's AI-powered health advisor, S.A.R.A.H.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/685/"
   },
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Suggests Sodium Bromide as Chloride Substitute, Leading to Bromism and Hospitalization",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-08-05",
    "what": "A published medical case report describes a 60-year-old man hospitalized for three weeks with severe bromide toxicity (bromism) after replacing dietary sodium chloride with sodium bromide purchased online.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1166/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Microsoft Copilot Allegedly Provides Unsafe Medical Advice with High Risk of Severe Harm",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-04-25",
    "what": "Microsoft Copilot, when asked medical questions, was reportedly found to provide accurate information only 54% of the time, according to European researchers (citation provided in editor's notes).",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/838/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-outbreak-early-warning",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Disease outbreak early warning",
  "description": "Combines case histories with climate and rainfall data, and LLM reading of emergency department records, to flag dengue and other reportable disease outbreaks.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://ugm.ac.id/?p=98370"
  ],
  "unverified": [],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Disease outbreak early warning is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Disease outbreak early warning processes health data of patients reported by health facilities, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Disease outbreak early warning is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI Tools Failed to Sufficiently Predict COVID Patients, Some Potentially Harmful",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2021-07-30",
    "what": "AI tools failed to sufficiently predict COVID patients, some potentially harmful.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/173/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-maternal-risk-screening",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Maternal risk screening for preeclampsia",
  "description": "Connected devices, AI screening and ultrasound of uterine and ophthalmic arteries for early detection of preeclampsia in primary care.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://kemkes.go.id/id/peringati-hari-kartini-kemenkes-perkuat-deteksi-dini-preeklamsia-berbasis-teknologi"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Medical"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Maternal risk screening for preeclampsia is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Maternal risk screening for preeclampsia processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Maternal risk screening for preeclampsia is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Maternal risk screening for preeclampsia is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-clinical-decision-support",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Clinical decision support: diagnostic suggestion and laboratory result review",
  "description": "Suggests possible diagnoses from symptoms, reviews laboratory results and flags abnormalities, and looks up clinical evidence for doctors, who make the decision.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://govinsider.asia/indo-id/article/rscm-di-garis-depan-transformasi-layanan-kesehatan",
   "https://www.fortuneidn.com/tech/halodoc-luncurkan-aida-teknologi-ai-pendamping-dokter-di-indonesia-00-4vfn9-t7fjqb"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Medical"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinical decision support: diagnostic suggestion and laboratory result review is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Clinical decision support: diagnostic suggestion and laboratory result review processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Clinical decision support: diagnostic suggestion and laboratory result review is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Clinical decision support: diagnostic suggestion and laboratory result review is software that may qualify as a medical device or a safety component of one; the EU AI Act treats such AI as high-risk when the product is placed on the EU market.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "SIMFONI (Singapore Medical Foundation AI Model) national R&D initiative",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Foundation models adapted to local clinical data for decision support in cardiometabolic primary care and eye disease",
    "status": "research",
    "date": "2026-07-09",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://biospectrumasia.com/news/120/27988/singapore-medical-foundation-ai-model-launches-for-effective-public-healthcare.html"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "IBM Watson for Oncology Criticized by Customers for Allegedly Unsafe and Inaccurate Cancer Treatment Recommendations",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2017-04-07",
    "what": "Internal documents from IBM Watson Health showed negative assessments from customers such as Florida’s Jupiter Hospital and Memorial Sloan Kettering criticizing its Watson for Oncology product for allegedly unsafe and incorrect cancer treatment recommendations.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/225/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Epic Systems’s Sepsis Prediction Algorithms Revealed to Have High Error Rates on Seriously Ill Patients",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2021-08-01",
    "what": "Epic System's sepsis prediction algorithms was shown by investigators at the University of Michigan Hospital to have high rates of false positives and false negatives, allegedly delivering inaccurate and irrelevant information on patients, contrasting sharply with their published claims.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/123/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Kidney Testing Method Allegedly Underestimated Risk of Black Patients",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "1999-03-16",
    "what": "Decades-long use of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) method to test kidney function which considers race has been criticized by physicians and medical students for its racist history and inaccuracy against Black patients.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/79/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "hc-nurse-handoff-reports",
  "industry": "healthcare and pharma",
  "name": "Nurse shift handoff report generation",
  "description": "Generative AI drafts nurse shift handoff reports from patient records.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Permenkes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Nurse shift handoff report generation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Nurse shift handoff report generation processes health data of patients, which the law treats as a specific category of personal data, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2023 Kesehatan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Kesehatan)",
    "why": "Nurse shift handoff report generation is used in delivering health services or handling patient records, which this law governs through rules on medical records, health information systems, health technology and medical devices.",
    "url": "https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/856"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI Medical Scribe Reportedly Added False Psychedelic-Mushroom Use Claim to Australian Patient Rebecca Green's Medical Record",
    "country": "Australia",
    "date": "2026-03-01",
    "what": "Australian patient Rebecca Green reportedly discovered that a post-operative letter sent by her urologist to her GP falsely said she micro-dosed psychedelic mushrooms and suggested this could explain prior kidney bleeding.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1695/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ind-commodity-price-forecasting",
  "industry": "industrial and asset-intensive",
  "name": "Commodity price forecasting and hedging for procurement",
  "description": "Predicts world commodity prices, such as crude oil, to choose purchase base prices and hedging strategies.",
  "model_classes": [
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://investortrust.id/business/82534/kpi-andalkan-ai-dan-big-data-untuk-efisiensi-dan-keselamatan-kilang"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Commodity price forecasting and hedging for procurement is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-reservoir-production-optimisation",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Reservoir management and production optimisation",
  "description": "Evaluates many existing wells at once with subsurface and nearby-well data to slow natural production decline, and optimises well stimulation.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/kurangi-penurunan-produksi-pertamina-hulu-rokan-kelola-lapangan-migas-menggunakan-ai",
   "https://investortrust.id/business/108746/hackathon-ai-hulu-migas-2026-hasilkan-potensi-nilai-ekonomi-rp-4-67-triliun",
   "https://rri.co.id/en/technology/2441184/pertamina-builds-up-ai-transformation-across-energy-operations"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Reservoir management and production optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 22/2001 Minyak dan Gas Bumi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Reservoir management and production optimisation supports upstream oil and gas activity, which this law governs through cooperation contracts and state ownership of exploration and production data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2001/22TAHUN2001UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-drilling-optimisation",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Drilling planning and optimisation",
  "description": "Improves drilling planning and cuts non-productive time in oil and gas drilling.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://investortrust.id/business/108746/hackathon-ai-hulu-migas-2026-hasilkan-potensi-nilai-ekonomi-rp-4-67-triliun",
   "https://rri.co.id/en/technology/2441184/pertamina-builds-up-ai-transformation-across-energy-operations"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Drilling planning and optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 22/2001 Minyak dan Gas Bumi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian ESDM)",
    "why": "Drilling planning and optimisation supports upstream oil and gas activity, which this law governs through cooperation contracts and state ownership of exploration and production data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2001/22TAHUN2001UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-subsidised-fuel-eligibility",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Subsidised fuel eligibility verification",
  "description": "AI reads identity cards, vehicle registration documents and vehicle photos to verify registrations for subsidised fuel, matched against police vehicle data.",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document",
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.gridoto.com/read/224145391/banyak-yang-belum-paham-begini-cara-cepat-lolos-verifikasi-pendaftaran-qr-code-pertamina?page=all"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Subsidised fuel eligibility verification is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Subsidised fuel eligibility verification processes personal data of customers or field workers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 191/2014 Penyediaan, Pendistribusian dan Harga Jual Eceran BBM",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (BPH Migas as regulating body)",
    "why": "Subsidised fuel eligibility verification checks who may buy subsidised fuel, the specific fuel types this regulation targets so that subsidies reach the intended users.",
    "url": "https://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-tentang-penyediaan-pendistribusian-dan-harga-jual-eceran-bbm/"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Thai Wallet App's Facial Recognition Errors Created Registration Issues for Government Programs",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2019-09-29",
    "what": "A Thai wallet app failed to recognize people’s faces, resulting in citizens and disproportionately elders unable to sign up for Thai government’s cash handout and co-pay programs or having to wait in long queues at local ATMs for authentication.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/375/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Brazil's Social Security AI Tool Is Allegedly Rejecting Complex Claims Improperly",
    "country": "Brazil",
    "date": "2025-04-24",
    "what": "Brazil’s AI-powered Meu INSS app allegedly misclassified a retirement claim filed by Josélia de Brito, a former sugarcane worker, by purportedly recording her as male.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1046/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "em-land-encroachment-early-warning",
  "industry": "energy and mining",
  "name": "Land and asset encroachment early warning",
  "description": "AI early warning that helps a company protect its land and field assets from encroachment.",
  "model_classes": [
   "geospatial"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://investortrust.id/business/108746/hackathon-ai-hulu-migas-2026-hasilkan-potensi-nilai-ekonomi-rp-4-67-triliun"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Land and asset encroachment early warning is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 32/2009 Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup)",
    "why": "Land and asset encroachment early warning produces evidence on environmental impact or pollution, which this law requires businesses to manage, monitor and report.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2009/32TAHUN2009UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (occupational safety and health, Pasal 86 and 87)",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan)",
    "why": "Land and asset encroachment early warning sends field staff to sites, whose occupational safety and health the employer must protect under this law.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2003/13TAHUN2003UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-anti-corruption-anomaly-detection",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Anti-corruption and public spending anomaly detection",
  "description": "Flags suspicious entries in officials' wealth declarations, anomalous procurement transactions, price or specification changes, possible tender rigging and fraud in grant or benefit claims, for auditors to follow up.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://tirto.id/kpk-adopsi-ai-periksa-lhkpn-pejabat-negara-sejak-2025-hp3n",
   "https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/568364/ri-perkuat-benteng-antikorupsi-lkppbpkpkpk-luncurkan-sistem-eaudit-katalog-v6-di-yogyakarta",
   "https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/algorithmic-transparency-reports"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Anti-corruption and public spending anomaly detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Anti-corruption and public spending anomaly detection processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Anti-corruption and public spending anomaly detection is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 39/2019 Satu Data Indonesia",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Bappenas leads the steering council)",
    "why": "Anti-corruption and public spending anomaly detection uses or produces government data, which this regulation requires to follow common data, metadata and interoperability standards and to be shared through the Satu Data Indonesia portal.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/en/perpres-no-39-tahun-2019"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Anti-corruption and public spending anomaly detection handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Dutch Families Wrongfully Accused of Tax Fraud Due to Discriminatory Algorithm",
    "country": "Netherlands",
    "date": "2018-09-01",
    "what": "A childcare benefits system in the Netherlands falsely accused thousands of families of fraud, in part due to an algorithm that treated having a second nationality as a risk factor.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/101/"
   },
   {
    "title": "UK Government AI Allegedly Targets Disproportionate Numbers of Certain Nationals for Fraud Review",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2021-12-06",
    "what": "The UK's Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) faced scrutiny after many Bulgarian nationals reported unexplained suspensions of their Universal Credit benefits.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/611/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) Algorithm Wrongly Flags 200,000 for Housing Benefit Fraud",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2024-06-23",
    "what": "A Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) algorithm wrongly flagged over 200,000 UK housing benefit claims as high risk, resulting in unnecessary investigations.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/738/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-disinformation-content-detection",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Disinformation, deepfake and illegal content detection",
  "description": "Detects deepfake video, images and audio, hoaxes and illegal online content such as gambling sites, for verification or takedown.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision",
   "audio classification",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2025/komdigi-gandeng-mafindo-siapkan-alat-deteksi-deepfake-gunakan-ai/",
   "https://katadata.co.id/digital/teknologi/69df0e8039515/dua-perpres-ai-segera-terbit-atur-tiga-tingkatan-risiko-dan-mitigasi-kerugian",
   "https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/algorithmic-transparency-reports"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Disinformation, deepfake and illegal content detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Disinformation, deepfake and illegal content detection processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 1/2024 Perubahan Kedua UU ITE",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Disinformation, deepfake and illegal content detection detects false information, deepfakes and illegal content, which this law prohibits from being distributed electronically.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/884/t/undangundang+nomor+1+tahun+2024"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 7/2017 Pemilihan Umum",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (KPU and Bawaslu as election bodies)",
    "why": "Disinformation, deepfake and illegal content detection is relevant to election campaigns, which this law governs, with KPU running elections and Bawaslu supervising campaign violations.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kpu.go.id/undang-undang/detail/Q23KXs3Rww5PJ2bhp6Cyo3dyclprZ1RkbmQ4MVV6Y3JvY3AxVGc9PQ"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Disinformation, deepfake and illegal content detection supports the takedown of prohibited content, which private electronic system operators must act on under this regulation.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "HTX (Home Team Science and Technology Agency)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AlchemiX deepfake detection digital forensic tool for investigators",
    "status": "research",
    "date": "2025-10-30",
    "evidence_type": "government statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.htx.gov.sg/whats-happening/all-news---events/all-news/2025/htx-showcases-deepfake-detection-capabilities-at-interpol-conference"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Indonesia Demands Social Media Giants Address AI-Driven Disinformation After Protests",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2025-08-27",
    "what": "Indonesia summoned Meta, TikTok, and other platforms after AI-generated disinformation, including deepfakes, spread on social media, fueling public outrage and protests.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2025-08-27-ef6a"
   },
   {
    "title": "Deepfake video falsely showed Finance Minister Sri Mulyani calling teachers a burden on the state",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2025-08-19",
    "what": "A viral video edited with deepfake techniques put words in the Finance Minister's mouth, and she and the Ministry of Finance publicly denied it.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/t18wf6409/sri-mulyani-bantah-sebut-guru-beban-negara-cap-video-viral-hoaks-hasil-deepfake"
   },
   {
    "title": "Bias in AI Deepfake Detection Undermines Election Security in Global South",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-09-02",
    "what": "AI deepfake detection tools are reportedly failing voters in the Global South due to biases in their training data.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/801/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-police-identification-video-analytics",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Police identification and video analytics",
  "description": "Face recognition matched against the national ID database or watch lists, machine learning video analytics on CCTV and body-worn cameras (crowds, anomalies, traffic violations) and predictive policing from historical crime data.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://news.republika.co.id/berita/sww53p484/integrasi-ai-command-center-polri-cakup-26-polda-dan-36-polres",
   "https://rri.co.id/manado/regional/2629153/face-recognition-berbasis-data-ktp-jadi-andalan-baru-polda-sulut-di-tiff-2026"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Police identification and video analytics is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Police identification and video analytics processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 24/2013 Perubahan UU Administrasi Kependudukan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Dukcapil, Kementerian Dalam Negeri)",
    "why": "Police identification and video analytics uses population identity data such as NIK or biometric records, which this law governs and which Dukcapil manages.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2013/24TAHUN2013UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 2/2002 Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Polri)",
    "why": "Police identification and video analytics is used for policing and public order tasks, which this law assigns to the Indonesian National Police.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2002/2TAHUN2002UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Police identification and video analytics uses remote biometric identification or law enforcement AI, which the EU AI Act lists as high-risk or restricts; given as an international reference.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Auxiliary Force Sdn Bhd (AFSB), Royal Malaysia Police Cooperative",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "YITU facial recognition on body-worn cameras",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2018-04-16",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.nst.com.my/amp/lifestyle/bots/2018/04/358122/afsb-first-malaysia-integrate-body-worn-cameras-facial-recognition"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Detroit Police Allegedly Wrongfully Arrested Black Man Due to Purportedly Faulty Facial Recognition Technology",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2020-01-30",
    "what": "A Black man was allegedly wrongfully detained by the Detroit Police Department as a result of a purportedly false facial recognition technology (FRT) result.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/74/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Indian Police Allegedly Tortured and Killed Innocent Man Following Facial Misidentification",
    "country": "India",
    "date": "2023-02-02",
    "what": "A resident in Medak, India died allegedly due to custodial torture by the local police, who misidentified him as a suspect in a theft case using facial recognition.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/483/"
   },
   {
    "title": "London Metropolitan Police's Facial Recognition Technology Reportedly Misidentified Shaun Thompson as Suspect Leading to Arrest",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2024-02-01",
    "what": "Sometime in February 2024, Shaun Thompson is reported to have walked by one of the London Metropolitan Police's facial recognition technology vans near London Bridge.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/692/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-biometric-identity-verification",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Biometric identity verification against the population registry",
  "description": "Face matching with liveness checks against a government identity database, used to verify people for public and regulated services such as SIM card registration, border control and boarding.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://investortrust.id/business/88850/kemenkomdigi-pastikan-data-biometrik-pengguna-sim-card-divalidasi-dukcapil-tak-disimpan-operator",
   "https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/algorithmic-transparency-reports"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Biometric identity verification against the population registry is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Biometric identity verification against the population registry processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 24/2013 Perubahan UU Administrasi Kependudukan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Dukcapil, Kementerian Dalam Negeri)",
    "why": "Biometric identity verification against the population registry uses population identity data such as NIK or biometric records, which this law governs and which Dukcapil manages.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2013/24TAHUN2013UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Biometric identity verification against the population registry uses remote biometric identification or law enforcement AI, which the EU AI Act lists as high-risk or restricts; given as an international reference.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "22 Vietnamese credit institutions (State Bank of Vietnam programme)",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "VNeID authentication and biometric comparison with chip citizen ID cards; 276.3 million customer records",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2024-07-24",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://vietnamnews.vn/economy/1659836/22-credit-institutions-successfully-deploy-vneid-for-authentication.html"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "HSBC Singapore",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Singpass Face Verification (face matched against government records) in its mobile app",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2024-10-02",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://fintechnews.sg/101897/security/hsbc-singapore-singpass-face-verification/"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "DBS Bank (with GovTech)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "SingPass face verification for digital onboarding",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": "2020-08-02",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2020/08/164767-singpass-a-facial-recognition-solution-for-id-verification-will-be-used-by-singapores-dbs-bank-for-digital-onboarding/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Thai Wallet App's Facial Recognition Errors Created Registration Issues for Government Programs",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2019-09-29",
    "what": "A Thai wallet app failed to recognize people’s faces, resulting in citizens and disproportionately elders unable to sign up for Thai government’s cash handout and co-pay programs or having to wait in long queues at local ATMs for authentication.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/375/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Uber Locked Indian Drivers out of Accounts Allegedly Due to Facial Recognition Fails",
    "country": "India",
    "date": "2017-03-13",
    "what": "Uber drivers in India reported being locked out of their accounts allegedly due to Real-Time ID Check's facial recognition failing to recognize appearance changes or faces in low lighting conditions.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/418/"
   },
   {
    "title": "UK passport photo checker shows bias against dark-skinned women",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2020-10-07",
    "what": "UK passport photo checker shows bias against dark-skinned women.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/87/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-customs-risk-management",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Customs risk management and trade fraud detection",
  "description": "Scores import and export declarations and cargo X-ray images for risk, checks customs value and classification, and flags under-invoicing, over-invoicing and other trade fraud.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "vision",
   "OCR and document"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://news.ddtc.co.id/berita/nasional/1818199/djbc-kembangkan-ai-untuk-awasi-impor-begini-progresnya",
   "https://ortax.org/bea-cukai-resmikan-pemindai-peti-kemas-dan-kenalkan-aplikasi-kepabeanan-berbasis-ai",
   "https://www.fortuneidn.com/news/bea-cukai-perketat-barang-impor-x-ray-ai-wajib-mulai-januari-2027-00-my5jv-rpy2d2"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Customs risk management and trade fraud detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Customs risk management and trade fraud detection processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Customs risk management and trade fraud detection is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2006 Perubahan UU Kepabeanan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Bea dan Cukai, Kementerian Keuangan)",
    "why": "Customs risk management and trade fraud detection targets customs inspection and trade fraud, which this law governs, including customs audits and the handling of import and export documents.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2006/17TAHUN2006UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "UK Home Office's Sham Marriage Detection Algorithm Reportedly Flagged Certain Nationalities Disproportionately",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2015-03-01",
    "what": "UK Home Office's opaque algorithm to detect sham marriages flagged some nationalities for investigation more than others, raising fears surrounding discrimination based on nationality and age.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/336/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-speech-transcription-minutes",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Speech transcription and meeting minutes for government",
  "description": "Transcribes parliamentary sittings, meetings, court hearings and recorded evidence, and drafts summaries and minutes.",
  "model_classes": [
   "speech recognition",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.tech.gov.sg/products-and-services/for-government-agencies/productivity-and-marketing/transcribe/",
   "https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/algorithmic-transparency-reports"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Speech transcription and meeting minutes for government is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Speech transcription and meeting minutes for government processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Speech transcription and meeting minutes for government is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Reportedly Faulty AI Transcription Threatens Integrity of Genoa Bribery Probe",
    "country": "Italy",
    "date": "2024-05-26",
    "what": "A reported AI transcription software error in a Genoa bribery investigation is alleged to have incorrectly recorded \"illicit financing\" instead of \"licit financing,\" which could have significantly impacted the case.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/708/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Rep. Anna Paulina Luna's Office Reportedly Published Claude Transcript Residue on Accident in House Amendment Summary",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-06-24",
    "what": "A staffer in Rep.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1641/"
   },
   {
    "title": "AI-Powered Transcription Services Allegedly Leak Confidential Workplace Discussions",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-10-02",
    "what": "AI-powered meeting assistants, such as Otter.ai's OtterPilot and Zoom's AI Companion, have reportedly shared sensitive and private conversations beyond the intended audience.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/811/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-correspondence-case-triage",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Correspondence and case triage",
  "description": "Sorts incoming letters, emails and calls by topic and routes them to the right team or creates cases automatically.",
  "model_classes": [
   "language encoder",
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/algorithmic-transparency-reports"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Correspondence and case triage is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Correspondence and case triage processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Correspondence and case triage is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Correspondence and case triage handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pub-court-case-administration",
  "industry": "public sector",
  "name": "Court case assignment and administration",
  "description": "Assigns cases to judge panels and supports court administration with AI, to make appointments more objective and reduce manipulation risk.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://literasihukum.com/en/news/the-supreme-court-implements-the-smart-panel-system.md"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Court case assignment and administration is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Court case assignment and administration processes personal data of citizens and residents, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Perpres 95/2018 Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik",
    "body": "President of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian PANRB coordinates)",
    "why": "Court case assignment and administration is part of electronic government services, which this regulation requires agencies to plan and run within the national SPBE architecture, data and security standards.",
    "url": "https://jdih.menpan.go.id/dokumen-hukum/peraturan-presiden-nomor-95-tahun-2018-tentang-sistem-pemerintahan-berbasis-elektronik-971"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 14/2008 Keterbukaan Informasi Publik",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Informasi)",
    "why": "Court case assignment and administration handles information held by public bodies, which this law requires to be open to the public except for listed exempt information.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/14TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Court case assignment and administration supports the administration of justice, which the EU AI Act lists among high-risk uses; given as an international reference.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Supreme Court of the Philippines",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AI voice-to-text transcription and legal research pilot; pilot cut transcription time 50 to 80 percent",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": "2024-10-22",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://asianews.network/philippine-supreme-court-starts-ai-pilot-test-for-transcription-research/",
     "https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/justice-is-human-where-asia-pacific-courts-draw-the-line-on-ai-in-courtrooms"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Courts of Vietnam",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "Legal virtual assistant trained on more than 1.3 million judgments; over three million uses",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-11-17",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/justice-is-human-where-asia-pacific-courts-draw-the-line-on-ai-in-courtrooms"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Courts of Sabah and Sarawak (E-Court system)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": true,
    "model_or_product": "AI sentencing guideline tool integrated into the E-Court system",
    "status": "production",
    "date": null,
    "evidence_type": "academic paper",
    "sources": [
     "https://www.techandjustice.bsg.ox.ac.uk/ai-in-malaysian-criminal-justice-sentencing-tools-and-regulations-ai-atlas"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Algorithm Used by the Malaysian Judiciary Reportedly Recommended Unusually High Sentencing to a Drug Possession Case",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "date": "2020-02-19",
    "what": "The AI system used by the Malaysian judiciary which explicitly considered age, employment, and socio-economic data provided sentencing to a drug possession case that was alleged by lawyer to be disproportionately high for the crime committed.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/180/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Argentine Court Reportedly Annuls Criminal Conviction After Judge Allegedly Used ChatGPT to Draft Ruling Without Disclosure",
    "country": "Argentina",
    "date": "2025-06-04",
    "what": "The Penal Chamber of Esquel, Argentina, reportedly annulled a June 2025 robbery conviction after determining that Judge Carlos Rogelio Richeri had allegedly used ChatGPT to draft part of the ruling without disclosure or human oversight.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1257/"
   },
   {
    "title": "COMPAS Algorithm Reportedly Performs Poorly in Crime Recidivism Prediction",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2016-05-23",
    "what": "Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS), a recidivism risk-assessment algorithmic tool used in the judicial system to assess likelihood of defendants' recidivism, is found to be less accurate than random untrained human evaluators.",
    "harm": "discrimination",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/40/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-post-purchase-customer-service",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "E-commerce and super-app customer service automation",
  "description": "AI agents that resolve complaint and enquiry tickets after purchase, with escalation to human agents.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://aitoolly.com/zh/ai-news/article/2026-09-16-goto-adopts-pragmatic-ai-strategy-focused-on-conversion-and-cost-efficiency-ahead-of-2027-rollout",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "UU"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "E-commerce and super-app customer service automation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "E-commerce and super-app customer service automation processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "E-commerce and super-app customer service automation runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "E-commerce and super-app customer service automation lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Chatbot for DPD Malfunctioned and Swore at Customers and Criticized Its Own Company",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2024-01-18",
    "what": "DPD's AI chatbot, used for customer service, appeared to malfunction following a system update, leading to inappropriate responses including swearing and criticizing the company.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/631/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Anysphere AI Support Bot for Cursor Reportedly Invents Login Policy, Leading to Subscription Cancellations",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-04-19",
    "what": "In April 2025, users of Cursor, an AI-powered coding assistant developed by Anysphere, reported being logged out unexpectedly.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1039/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Air Canada Chatbot Reportedly Provides Inaccurate Bereavement Fare Information, Leading to Customer Overpayment",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2022-11-11",
    "what": "A Canadian small claims tribunal reportedly ordered Air Canada to pay $812.02 in damages and court fees after its website chatbot allegedly provided inaccurate information about bereavement fare eligibility, leading a customer to overpay for flights.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/639/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-agentic-commerce",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Agentic commerce through third-party AI assistants",
  "description": "Shoppers discover and buy a retailer's products inside a general AI assistant, or through an agent that shops on their behalf.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.sea.com/news/406",
   "https://www.cxodigitalpulse.com/google-sea-join-forces-to-develop-agentic-ai-for-e-commerce-and-gaming/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "UU"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Agentic commerce through third-party AI assistants is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Agentic commerce through third-party AI assistants processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Agentic commerce through third-party AI assistants runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PP 71/2019 Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik",
    "body": "Government of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Agentic commerce through third-party AI assistants relies on electronic agents or electronic transactions, which this regulation governs, including operator responsibility for electronic agents.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/695/t/peraturan+pemerintah+nomor+71+tahun+2019"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "OpenAI's Operator Agent Reportedly Executed Unauthorized $31.43 Transaction Despite Safety Protocol",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-02-07",
    "what": "OpenAI's Operator agent, which is designed to complete real-world web tasks on behalf of users, reportedly executed a $31.43 grocery delivery purchase without user consent.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1028/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Google AI Overviews and ChatGPT Reportedly Cited Fraudulent Cruise Hotline, Allegedly Enabling Successful Scam",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-08-15",
    "what": "Google's AI Overviews allegedly surfaced a fraudulent customer service number for Royal Caribbean.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1187/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-marketplace-trust-safety",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Marketplace trust and safety: fraud and counterfeit detection",
  "description": "Detects fake orders, GPS spoofing, fake accounts and counterfeit listings on marketplaces and ride-hailing platforms.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "graph"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://selular.id/2019/02/sistem-deteksi-fraud-gojek-98-akurat/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "UU"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Marketplace trust and safety: fraud and counterfeit detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Marketplace trust and safety: fraud and counterfeit detection processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Marketplace trust and safety: fraud and counterfeit detection runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 1/2024 Perubahan Kedua UU ITE",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Marketplace trust and safety: fraud and counterfeit detection creates or moderates electronic content shown to the public, and this law prohibits distributing unlawful content such as false information that harms consumers.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/884/t/undangundang+nomor+1+tahun+2024"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Joann Fabrics Shoppers Reportedly Defrauded by AI-Generated Scam Sites, Part of Purported Wave of ~100,000 Fake Domains Across 194 Brands",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-08-20",
    "what": "Consumers were allegedly defrauded by AI-generated scam websites impersonating Joann Fabrics following the retailer's bankruptcy.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1189/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Meta's Automated Ad and Targeting Systems Reportedly Enabled Large-Scale Fraud Revenue",
    "country": "Canada",
    "date": "2025-11-06",
    "what": "Internal Meta documents reviewed by Reuters reportedly show that the company's automated ad and targeting systems generated major revenue from fraudulent ads and exposed users to billions of scam impressions daily.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1268/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-returns-damage-detection",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Returns processing with photo damage detection",
  "description": "Checks customer photos of returned goods for damage and recommends a resolution using purchase history and return policy.",
  "model_classes": [
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://selular.id/2024/01/blibli-terapkan-ai-dan-ml-konsumen-kini-bisa-retur-instan/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "UU"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Returns processing with photo damage detection is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Returns processing with photo damage detection processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Returns processing with photo damage detection runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Airbnb Host Reportedly Accused of Using Purportedly AI‑Altered Photos in False Damage Claim",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-08-02",
    "what": "A London-based Airbnb guest was reportedly accused by a New York host of causing over £12,000 in damages.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1161/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Lyft Driver in Boca Raton, Florida, Allegedly Used Purported Google Gemini-Generated Image to Support False $75 Damage Fee",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-05-16",
    "what": "A Lyft driver in Boca Raton, Florida, allegedly submitted an AI-generated image showing spilled food and drink to support a $75 damage fee against teenage passengers.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1679/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-warehouse-packing-optimisation",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Warehouse packing and packaging optimisation",
  "description": "Recommends box and material choice for each order and predicts stock needs in fulfilment warehouses.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "time series"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://gizmologi.id/news/business/blibli-adopsi-teknologi-ai-pada-sistem-gudang/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Warehouse packing and packaging optimisation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Amazon’s \"Time Off Task\" System Made False Assumptions about Workers' Time Management",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2019-07-03",
    "what": "Amazon’s warehouse worker “time off task\" (TOT) tracking system was used to discipline and dismiss workers, falsely assuming workers to have wasted time and failing to account for breaks or equipment issues.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/386/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Amazon’s Robotic Fulfillment Centers Have Higher Serious Injury Rates",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2020-09-29",
    "what": "Amazon’s robotic fulfillment centers have higher serious injury rates.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/125/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-seller-copilots",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Seller and merchant copilots",
  "description": "Tools that help marketplace sellers write listings and marketing content, answer buyer chats and automate store operations.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.sea.com/news/406",
   "https://www.bigseller.pro/blog/articleDetails/4768/sea-limited-openai-southeast-asia.htm"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Seller and merchant copilots is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Seller and merchant copilots processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Seller and merchant copilots runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Proliferation of Products on Amazon Titled with ChatGPT Error Messages",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-01-12",
    "what": "Products named after ChatGPT error messages are proliferating on Amazon, such as lawn chairs and religious texts.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/625/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-ai-live-commerce-hosts",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "AI hosts and virtual influencers for live commerce",
  "description": "Generated or avatar hosts that run livestream selling sessions or promote products.",
  "model_classes": [
   "avatar",
   "speech synthesis"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://restofworld.org/2025/indonesia-tiktok-shop-livestream-sellers-ai-rivals/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes",
   "UU"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI hosts and virtual influencers for live commerce is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI hosts and virtual influencers for live commerce processes personal data of shoppers, sellers, drivers or customers, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI hosts and virtual influencers for live commerce runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 1/2024 Perubahan Kedua UU ITE",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI hosts and virtual influencers for live commerce creates or moderates electronic content shown to the public, and this law prohibits distributing unlawful content such as false information that harms consumers.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/884/t/undangundang+nomor+1+tahun+2024"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "AI hosts and virtual influencers for live commerce generates synthetic images, audio or video, for which the EU AI Act sets transparency duties to disclose AI-generated content; relevant when shown to EU audiences.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Shopee (Sea Limited) with 37 Partners",
    "country": null,
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AI digital likeness of a licensed celebrity hosting multilingual live commerce sessions",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": "2026-03-04",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://stellagent.ai/insights/shopee-ai-celebrity-live-commerce"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "AI-Powered VTuber and Virtual Streamer Made Toxic Remarks on Twitch",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2022-12-28",
    "what": "An LLM-powered VTuber and streamer on Twitch made controversial statements such as denying the Holocaust, saying women rights do not exist, and pushing a fat person to solve the trolley problem, stating they deserve it.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/448/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Reported Deepfake Influencers on TikTok Allegedly Used to Promote Fraudulent Wellness Products",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-03-04",
    "what": "A network of TikTok accounts reportedly used AI-generated and deepfake influencer personas to promote wellness and beauty products through alleged deceptive advertising.",
    "harm": "misinformation",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1359/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-port-marine-berth-allocation",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Port marine services and berth allocation",
  "description": "Plans pilotage, towage and berth allocation for arriving and departing ships.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.ship-technology.com/news/indonesian-ports-innovez-one/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Port marine services and berth allocation is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 17/2008 Pelayaran",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Perhubungan)",
    "why": "Port marine services and berth allocation allocates berths and marine services in a port, which this law regulates under port operations and shipping safety.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2008/17TAHUN2008UU.htm"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "ret-customer-identity-verification",
  "industry": "retail and logistics",
  "name": "Customer identity verification (eKYC) for marketplaces",
  "description": "ID card OCR, face comparison and anti-spoofing to onboard buyers and sellers on marketplaces and their payment services.",
  "model_classes": [
   "OCR and document",
   "vision"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://blog.advance.ai/blog/bukalapak-advanceai-buying-and-selling-online-is-easier-with-better-onboarding"
  ],
  "unverified": [],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Customer identity verification (eKYC) for marketplaces is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Customer identity verification (eKYC) for marketplaces processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Customer identity verification (eKYC) for marketplaces runs on an online platform used by people in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties on content and data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PP 71/2019 Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik",
    "body": "Government of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Customer identity verification (eKYC) for marketplaces relies on electronic agents or electronic transactions, which this regulation governs, including operator responsibility for electronic agents.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/695/t/peraturan+pemerintah+nomor+71+tahun+2019"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 24/2013 Perubahan UU Administrasi Kependudukan",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (Ditjen Dukcapil, Kementerian Dalam Negeri)",
    "why": "Customer identity verification (eKYC) for marketplaces checks identity documents of marketplace users, which this law governs as population data.",
    "url": "https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2013/24TAHUN2013UU.htm"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Deepfake photos used to bypass digital KYC in Indonesian loan applications",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2024-12-04",
    "what": "Group-IB reported that one Indonesian financial institution client saw over 1,100 attempts to pass its digital KYC for loan applications with AI-generated deepfake photos.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/deepfake-fraud/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Reported Hack of Tea Dating App Compromises Data from Purportedly AI-Supported Identity and Image Checks",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-07-25",
    "what": "In July 2025, the Tea dating advice app, which purportedly uses AI-assisted tools for user verification and reverse image search, reportedly suffered a breach of a legacy storage system.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1171/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Deepfake ID Sales Allegedly Persist as OnlyFake Reportedly Relaunches with New Fraud Tools",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2024-03-01",
    "what": "Researchers from Au10tix discovered the relaunch of OnlyFake, a site offering AI-generated fake IDs.",
    "harm": "security",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/787/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-subscriber-personalisation-churn",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Subscriber personalisation, next best offer and churn reduction",
  "description": "Recommends products and offers to each subscriber across apps and channels and targets retention offers at likely churners.",
  "model_classes": [
   "recommendation",
   "tabular"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://info.tmforum.org/AI-powered-service-hub-boosts-monetization-and-customer-engagement.html",
   "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2024-06-14-Indosat-Ooredoo-Hutchison-and-Google-Cloud-Deepen-Strategic-Alliance-to-Deliver-AI-driven-Digital-Experiences-Across-Indonesia"
  ],
  "unverified": [],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Subscriber personalisation, next best offer and churn reduction is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Subscriber personalisation, next best offer and churn reduction processes personal data of subscribers, such as identity, location and usage records, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 36/1999 Telekomunikasi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Subscriber personalisation, next best offer and churn reduction is part of running a telecommunications network or service, which this law regulates, including the operator's duty to keep information sent and received confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/564/t/undangundang+nomor+36+tahun+1999"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Target Suggested Maternity-Related Advertisements to a Teenage Girl's Home, Allegedly Correctly Predicting Her Pregnancy via Algorithm",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2003-06-01",
    "what": "Target recommended maternity-related items to a family in Atlanta via ads, allegedly predicting their teenage daughter’s pregnancy before her father did, although critics have called into question the predictability of the algorithm and the authenticity of its claims.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/170/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-scam-spam-protection",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Scam and spam call and SMS protection for subscribers",
  "description": "Network-level models that score calls, SMS and links for scam or spam and warn or block in real time, with customer reporting loops.",
  "model_classes": [
   "tabular",
   "language encoder"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.telkomsel.com/en/vas/siscamling",
   "https://selular.id/2026/02/indosat-klaim-blokir-2-miliar-spam-dan-scam-dalam-enam-bulan/",
   "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-02-06-59e8"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Scam and spam call and SMS protection for subscribers is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Scam and spam call and SMS protection for subscribers processes personal data of subscribers, such as identity, location and usage records, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 36/1999 Telekomunikasi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Scam and spam call and SMS protection for subscribers is part of running a telecommunications network or service, which this law regulates, including the operator's duty to keep information sent and received confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/564/t/undangundang+nomor+36+tahun+1999"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PP 71/2019 Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik",
    "body": "Government of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Scam and spam call and SMS protection for subscribers protects or hosts electronic systems, whose operators must run them reliably and securely and protect the data they hold.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/695/t/peraturan+pemerintah+nomor+71+tahun+2019"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Globe Telecom",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Mavenir SpamShield AI/ML SMS spam and scam filtering; blocked messages fell 67 percent from Q1 2023 to Q1 2024",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2024-05-30",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://telecomtv.com/content/security/mavenir-s-spamshield-messaging-technology-drives-steep-decline-in-spam-and-scam-sms-for-globe-telecom-50485"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Deepfake Video of Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto and Other Officials Reportedly Used in Scam to Defraud Citizens Across 20 Provinces",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2025-03-02",
    "what": "A deepfake scam allegedly using AI-generated videos of Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto and other officials reportedly defrauded victims across 20 provinces, tricking them into paying Rp 250,000 to Rp 1 million ($15-$60) for purported financial aid.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/959/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Prime Minister of Thailand Paetongtarn Shinawatra Claims AI Voice Scam Impersonated ASEAN Leader Requesting Money",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2025-01-15",
    "what": "Thailand's Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra reported being targeted by an AI-generated voice scam that mimicked a well-known but undisclosed ASEAN leader.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/902/"
   },
   {
    "title": "AI-Aided Scam in Thailand Allegedly Impersonates Police to Defraud 163 Victims",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "date": "2025-02-04",
    "what": "Thai police arrested Ramil Pantawong and Thanawut Kanyaphan for allegedly using AI technology to impersonate police officers in a call scam.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/918/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-ai-enhanced-voice-calls",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "AI-enhanced voice calls",
  "description": "Network-native call features such as two-way real-time call translation by voice or subtitle, AI noise suppression and visual menus during calls.",
  "model_classes": [
   "speech recognition",
   "translation",
   "speech synthesis"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://selular.id/2026/08/indosat-adopsi-layanan-ai-new-calling-ubah-total-pengalaman-menelepon-masyarakat/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI-enhanced voice calls is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI-enhanced voice calls processes biometric data such as face images or voice recordings of the people being identified or served, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 36/1999 Telekomunikasi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "AI-enhanced voice calls is part of running a telecommunications network or service, which this law regulates, including the operator's duty to keep information sent and received confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/564/t/undangundang+nomor+36+tahun+1999"
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Scammers Deepfaked Videos of Victims' Loved Ones Asking for Funds over Facebook in Vietnam",
    "country": "Vietnam",
    "date": "2023-03-23",
    "what": "In Vietnam, to convince victims of their disguises when prompted, scammers deepfaked audios and videos of victims' friends and families asking them over Facebook to send over thousands of dollars.",
    "harm": "financial",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/509/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Apple AI Transcription Allegedly Inserts Explicit Language into Scottish Woman’s Voicemail",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "date": "2025-03-05",
    "what": "An Apple voicemail transcription system allegedly misinterpreted a message from Lookers Land Rover in Motherwell, Scotland, to 66-year-old customer Louise Littlejohn by inserting an explicit phrase and an insult.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/981/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-sovereign-ai-platforms",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Sovereign AI compute and AI platforms offered by telcos",
  "description": "Operators build GPU infrastructure, national-language LLMs and AI platforms and sell them to enterprises, developers and government.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.telecomtv.com/content/ai/working-with-nvidias-nemotron-indosat-is-bringing-ai-closer-to-communities-across-the-archipelago-55226/amp/",
   "https://katadata.co.id/digital/teknologi/6a2240bb9f345/telkom-rilis-aicosystem-siap-garap-peluang-ai-lintas-industri"
  ],
  "unverified": [],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Sovereign AI compute and AI platforms offered by telcos is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Sovereign AI compute and AI platforms offered by telcos processes personal data of subscribers, such as identity, location and usage records, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "PP 71/2019 Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik",
    "body": "Government of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Sovereign AI compute and AI platforms offered by telcos protects or hosts electronic systems, whose operators must run them reliably and securely and protect the data they hold.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/695/t/peraturan+pemerintah+nomor+71+tahun+2019"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Sovereign AI compute and AI platforms offered by telcos is a digital service offered to users in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Singtel (RE:AI)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "RE:AI sovereign AI factory and AI cloud on NVIDIA infrastructure",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2025-05-30",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/telcos-across-five-continents-are-building-nvidia-powered-sovereign-ai-infrastructure"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Telekom Malaysia (TM)",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Sovereign GPU-as-a-Service on NVIDIA GPUs in Tier-III data centres",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2024-12-13",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://lowyat.net/2024/339308/tm-sovereign-gpuaas-initiative"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "xAI Reportedly Operated Unpermitted Gas Turbines in Southaven, Mississippi, to Power Colossus 2 AI Data Center, Producing Air Pollution and Noise",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2025-08-01",
    "what": "Beginning August 1, 2025, xAI reportedly began installing and later operating gas turbines in Southaven, Mississippi, to power its Colossus 2 AI data center in Memphis.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1677/"
   },
   {
    "title": "New Jersey Regulators Found DataOne Operated 62 Unpermitted Natural-Gas Generators at Vineland AI Data Center",
    "country": "United States",
    "date": "2026-07-29",
    "what": "In July 2026, New Jersey inspectors found 62 unpermitted 2,000-kW natural-gas generators powering DataOne's Vineland data center, which has an agreement to provide AI computing power to Microsoft.",
    "harm": "other",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1709/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-consumer-ai-assistant-bundling",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Consumer AI assistant bundling",
  "description": "Operators bundle subscriptions to third-party AI assistants with data plans to drive usage and revenue per user.",
  "model_classes": [
   "multimodal LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://koran-jakarta.com/2026-04-09/perkuat-ai-powered-telco-indosat-hadirkan-akses-google-gemini-ai-bagi-pelanggan-im3-dan-tri/amp",
   "https://gizmologi.id/news/telco/xlsmart-perluas-akses-ai-ke-google-gemini/"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "model_classes"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Consumer AI assistant bundling is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 27/2022 Pelindungan Data Pribadi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Consumer AI assistant bundling processes personal data of subscribers, such as identity, location and usage records, so the controller needs a lawful basis, must protect the data and must honour data subject rights.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/832/t/undangundang+nomor+27+tahun+2022"
   },
   {
    "rule": "UU 36/1999 Telekomunikasi",
    "body": "DPR and President of the Republic of Indonesia (administered by Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Consumer AI assistant bundling is part of running a telecommunications network or service, which this law regulates, including the operator's duty to keep information sent and received confidential.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/564/t/undangundang+nomor+36+tahun+1999"
   },
   {
    "rule": "Permenkominfo 5/2020 Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Consumer AI assistant bundling is a digital service offered to users in Indonesia, so the private electronic system operator must register and meet this regulation's duties.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/759/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+5+tahun+2020"
   },
   {
    "rule": "EU AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (international)",
    "body": "European Union",
    "why": "Consumer AI assistant bundling lets people talk to an AI system, and the EU AI Act requires that people are told they are interacting with AI; relevant when offered in the EU.",
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Circles.Life",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "CirclesAI: unlimited queries to paid models (GPT-5.4, Gemini, Claude, Perplexity Sonar and others) bundled with an $8 postpaid plan",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-07-09",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://startupfortune.com/singapore-telcos-are-now-selling-ai-chatbot-access-cheaper-than-a-data-plan/"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "giga! (StarHub)",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "gigaFLEX+ plan bundling access to paid AI chatbot models",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-07-09",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://startupfortune.com/singapore-telcos-are-now-selling-ai-chatbot-access-cheaper-than-a-data-plan/"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "Indonesia Blocks Grok AI Over Deepfake Sexual Content Concerns",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "date": "2026-01-27",
    "what": "Indonesian authorities have temporarily blocked Grok AI, developed by xAI and used on the X platform, due to its misuse in generating deepfake sexual content.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-01-27-7f99"
   },
   {
    "title": "Singapore Teen in Foiled Stabbing Plot Reportedly Used AI Chatbot to Generate Islamic State Pledge and Call for Violence",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "date": "2024-08-01",
    "what": "Singapore authorities reported that a 17-year-old supporter of the Islamic State terrorist group used an AI chatbot to generate an allegiance pledge and a declaration urging armed violence against non-Muslims.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1738/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Large-Scale Mental Health Crises Allegedly Associated with ChatGPT Interactions",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2025-10-27",
    "what": "OpenAI disclosed internal estimates suggesting that hundreds of thousands of ChatGPT users each week exhibit signs of mania, psychosis, suicidal ideation, or emotional dependence on the chatbot.",
    "harm": "safety",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1253/"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tel-employee-genai-assistants",
  "industry": "telecom",
  "name": "Employee generative AI assistants in telcos",
  "description": "Internal assistants for HR requests, policy lookup, meeting transcription and productivity.",
  "model_classes": [
   "LLM"
  ],
  "models": [],
  "benchmarks": [],
  "regulatory_notes": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://www.frontier-enterprise.com/telkomsel-maxis-dial-up-google-cloud-for-generative-ai-push/",
   "https://cloud.google.com/transform/101-real-world-generative-ai-use-cases-from-industry-leaders",
   "https://investortrust.id/market/76432/telkomsel-signs-mou-with-openai-expands-ai-solutions-for-corporate-sector"
  ],
  "unverified": [
   "Only"
  ],
  "regulation": [
   {
    "rule": "Surat Edaran Menkominfo 9/2023 Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial",
    "body": "Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (now Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital)",
    "why": "Employee generative AI assistants in telcos is an AI-based service run by an electronic system operator, and the circular asks such operators to build and use AI on the values of inclusivity, transparency, humanity and security.",
    "url": "https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023"
   }
  ],
  "peers": [
   {
    "organisation": "Singtel",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "ChatGPT Enterprise for more than 3,000 employees; over 80 percent monthly active usage",
    "status": "production",
    "date": "2026-05-25",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://sea.peoplemattersglobal.com/news/ai-and-emerging-tech/singtel-expands-ai-push-with-chatgpt-enterprise-rollout-across-workforce-49906"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "CelcomDigi",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "AI Sandbox on Amazon Bedrock: more than 15 generative AI solutions built and piloted",
    "status": "pilot",
    "date": "2024-10-29",
    "evidence_type": "company statement",
    "sources": [
     "https://press.aboutamazon.com/aws/2024/10/aws-powers-celcomdigis-transformation-into-an-ai-driven-telco-tech-company"
    ]
   },
   {
    "organisation": "Maxis",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "state_owned": null,
    "model_or_product": "Google Cloud Gemini models on Vertex AI integrated in internal environments",
    "status": "contract signed",
    "date": "2024-02-27",
    "evidence_type": "independent report",
    "sources": [
     "https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/16284-maxis-to-internally-integrate-google-cloud-s-genai.html"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "incidents": [
   {
    "title": "ChatGPT Reportedly Implicated in Samsung Data Leak of Source Code and Meeting Notes",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2023-03-11",
    "what": "Samsung engineers are reported to have inadvertently leaked sensitive company data sometime in March 2023, including source code and internal meeting notes, by using ChatGPT to assist with tasks.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/768/"
   },
   {
    "title": "Meta Internal AI Agent Reportedly Gave Advice That Allegedly Exposed Sensitive Data to Unauthorized Employees",
    "country": null,
    "date": "2026-03-18",
    "what": "Reporting alleged that a Meta internal AI agent, purportedly similar to OpenClaw, posted inaccurate technical advice to an internal forum without approval.",
    "harm": "privacy",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/1471/"
   }
  ]
 }
]